УДК 351.746.1 Lipkan V.
PhD, docent
chief of international relations and national security department, Kyiv university of internal affairs
Global security system vs Global terrorism
Research is being done at the department of administrative law and process, Kyiv university of internal affairs
Визначено умови взаємозалежності і впливу глобального тероризму на формування систем глобальної безпеки
Ключові слова: глобальний тероризм, національна безпека, системи глобальної безпеки
Lipkan V. A. Global Security System vs Global terrorism. This research is dedicated to problem of forming the international security law. The main thesis is the global terrorism determines the way of forming global security system.
Key words: global terrorism, national security, global security system.
Last time such branch of political and law science as globalistics is spread more and more. To my mind, science not only predicts processes that have to take place in public sphere but also researches appearing ones.
Since bipolar system collapse and establishing of no alternative model of civilization governing, United States of America are the only ruler of the world and a necessity appeared to research processes of globalization. So, to obtain this goal, globalistics began to form as a new branch of political science.
There is no doubt that social-economic development, military force and consequently political image of all-powerful state make possible for naive utopists to think at first that problem of terrorism is solved with cold war end. Furthermore, quantity of states having nuclear weapon has grown subsequently after establishment of monopolar world system. For known reasons Ukraine is not a member of nuclear club yet but this is just a question of time and political will of country’s leadership. Moreover, the political course, that was being choose by new state government, is an extra proof an Ukrainian euroatlantic direction of development.
Parallel to these processes there is sudden and qualitative establishment and consolidation of transnational crime having serious scope and threatening national security [1: 2]. Terrorism was not researched in Ukraine in proper level, but terrorism is not something new for world civilization. And the fact that our state pays attention only to existing events and not burdens itself with even simple forecasts is the problem only of Ukraine and its intellectual elite because it is the prerogative of state to forecast events for some steps forward in the state. It is not joke to say that only 10 monographs are devoted to problems of terrorism fight and its theory in our country, but we do not take into account some historic researches [3 - 12]! And terrorism is considered to be one of the most substantial threats to national and international security and is researched on serious methodological level in the rest of the world.
We can criticize Western conceptions for its political direction, one-sided representation of terrorism, but we can criticize only written studies that are certain intellectual and analytical work and it finally testifies that existence of problem and necessity of its solution, proposals us to ways and means to solve it are realized. The same time we have to mention those who declare absence of scientific studies by Western researchers. In this case I would like to note that these authors do not have enough information and they wish to glorify themselves translating and quilting international studies on this issue.
Returning to consideration of main issue I would like to note that terrorism in Ukraine is not widespread, however nobody can guarantee that this sore will pass our state especially taking in account last events in the world and region. Ukraine is situated on the crossroads of some civilizations and can not save, even if it wanted so, keep neutral status. Analysis of geopolitical events in the world and geo historic characteristics of Ukraine let us to state that Ukraine being geostrategic leader of Europe is also its geopolitical center. Any attempts to picture history of Ukraine as part of Moscowia history or to show Holy Rus making reference on non-existence of Kyivskaya Rus or to verbalize empty in its essence and empty on its semiotics political legal doctrines constantly approve goal to deprive Ukraine its glorious past. I can easily add to such kind of conceptions the Eurasian conception, founders of this conception are V.S. Soloviev and E.M. Trubetskoy, Neoeurasian conception by representatives of modern geopolitical fantasy O. Duhin, K. Hadjiev, S. Baburin etc., Panturanism conception and Norman theory that were covered widely in literature and were criticized by unprejudiced and impartial researches in Russia and abroad.
This all confirms the truth that if somebody is trying to deprive us our past, if are always said that Ukraine has no other way but to be with one or another than we are of great value. The main thing is to have own way and methodology which can be formed according to principle of keeping and provision own national interests. There is no other way of development for modern Ukraine. On my considered opinion the way of contraposition and one-sided acceptance of one or another position, we might even say geopolitical paternalism, do not correspond specific character of our state. Ukraine is doomed for geopolitical pluralism in management decisions that is not synonym of absence of clear position. This position can be only in provision of Ukrainian national interests.
All abovementioned earnestly testifies about impossibility to ignore modern tendencies of globalizm that result not only in positive changes but in negative changes too and terrorism plays outstanding role in it.
Except increasing executed terrorist acts and also uncontrolled growth of terrorist organizations we have also to state formation of terrorist criminality [10]. And this is the direct consequence of globalizm. Once again we have to mention that some researchers consider globalizm to have constructive character. So, for example, RussianresearcherI. O. Vasilenko asserts that globalization is a new antientropic factor able to prevent humanity from environmental and moral catastrophes…it is the result of creative dialogue of world civilizations [13, 9]. O.S. Panarin considers that globalization in its historic dynamics is object of global political forecasting: formation of united interdependent world where nations are not divided with usual protecting barriers and borders that simultaneously object their communication and prevent from bad external influences [14, 3]. The same time S.L. Udovik considers globalizm is a myth [15, 206].
Concerning I.O. Vasilenko’s thought I would like to say that in fact this “creative dialogue” displayed itself in increase of number of states having nuclear weapon, establishment and maintenance of permanent source of danger in Europe (former Republic of Yugoslavia), organization of financial crisis in Pacific region, economic crisis in Argentina, financial and economic dependence of states-debtors on IMF and growth of terrorism and other forms of multilevel suggestion. Such kind of enthusiastic “creation” inspired deployment of unprecedented cold war that was won with successful for United States final (collapse of Soviet Union and the only supercountry left on Olympus of the world) and gained new turns on wings of globalizm which some researchers are always trying to represent only as economic factor. At the same time, there is an interesting thought of V. Shtol’ on this issue who noted “In fact, real international economy left on the same level of globalization as it was in the first three decades at the beginning of 20th century and the most part of humanity (more than 50%) is not involved in globalization process [16, 53]. In addition, it is impossible to disagree with S.L. Udovitsky who supposes that now we can see establishment of a group of highly developed self-sufficient countries separating from the most of world countries more and more, that is why there is growing understanding in the West that markets of developing countries have lack of prospects [15, 206].
We will speak not language of emotions but language of arguments, we will analyze reality as a system but not manipulate separate facts and finally we will be sincere as to role United States ever could not and will not handle with. On Richard Haas’s words, United States could not handle role of “effective sheriff of the world who is in permanent transformation” [17, 17]. And it does not matter which politician or statesman personify American nation. We are talking about impossibility for one state to control the whole world. Scaffold is the final for any gendarme and it is not will of oppressed countries, this is the law of nature. The essence of any empire is to hold power as long as possible and to expand it. At the same time, taking in account cycles theory, we have to remember that peak of power is an acme, a short period, moment of truth when this empire, despite success of own system, can choose the other way to transform system of governing. On my opinion, polipolar system is the same ineffective as monopolar. At the same time without discussions as to problems of geopolitics I will define main leitmotiv of my own vision that can be divided in two modules: 1) globalization of modern terrorism is immediate consequence of globalization processes in the world; 2) modern terrorism can be considered through the prism of modern civilization governing and as real threat to international security system.
Regarding the first direction we have defined or it is better to say marked out contour of own vision. We have to make some notes before come to the second module.
I purposely do not stop on characteristics of terrorism, do not cite data on perpetrated terrorist actions and do not analyze reasons and conditions of terrorism expansion in separate country and in the whole world; I am assured you can easily find these data not only in my books but also in numerous studies of terrorism researchers. I decided to focus own scientific interest just to consider terrorism through the prism of globalization without review of aforesaid and redoubling well-known data.
In this aspect we have to note that globalization established excellent possibilities to make glamour of terrorists using mass media and cyber nets. It is not difficult to find information in internet about all terrorist movements, its members, slogans, numerous biographic data. The most of terrorist organizations are known not only to security services but to public too despite many of them are trying to keep its activity in secret. Halo of glory and popularity make heroes of terrorists. And though terrorist action of September 11th 2001 for Americans was terrible event and crime, for many of Muslim countries it is a decisive step that condemns expansion of American substitute of culture into Eastern culture, values and way of living.
As to Ukraine there is a question: why do not we still have antiterrorist legislation [18]? Is it lack of danger feeling or devaluation of intellectual values? Almost everywhere in the world there are not only special squads but a number of legislative acts regulating legal relationships in sphere of terrorism fighting. And Ukraine still lingers and just adopted criminal responsibility for terrorist action. Once again, I will not go into theoretic discussions as to this criminal-legal norm that do not comply with strong demands as to provision of country’s interests in field of terrorism fighting and especially in field of national security because many specialists and me too wrote a lot on this issue.
The sense is in the other thing. Of course, if we call explosion in café at airport in Odessa at the beginning of 2002 or seizure of Agriculture Ministry premise by a farmer from Nikolaev city as terrorist actions then Ukraine do need not anything at all. And it is possible to institute a criminal case according to article 258 of Criminal Code of Ukraine appealing to strength and completeness of criminal legislation.
Shell we establish antiterrorist legislation only when there are real terrorist actions, when we see blood of our citizens and feel not sham and far-fetched fear but real and close fear for own life? Why should we always repeat our mistakes? Don’t we have enough experience of other countries, do we have to wait for beginning of terrorist war in Ukraine and then to form brokenly legislative basis that will not be adequate? I consider that such a way of “legislative initiative anemia” have lack of prospects and its rulers will lead Ukraine to unforeseen consequences. By the highest standards criminalization has to indicate not only existing crime but to prevent possible transformation of specific types of behavior to social-abnormal. From this point of view we can state that prevention of terrorism in Ukraine is on its embryonic stage.
We can not stay aside today from process of new global security system establishment. Ukraine has no right for it. At the same time it is impossible to say about possibility of its participation in such kind of systems and carrying out specific measures to fight different forms of extremism without legislative basis.
No doubt, when we mark out substantial shortcomings in this field we have to focus our attention first of all at issues of higher order. Numerous attempts of terrorism phenomena researchers and those authors who joined them on conjuncture interests are to answer eternal question concerning reasons of its appearance and until now gave no results. So, in foreign literature there is a lot of researches related to history of terrorism appearance focusing its attention in general on Russian organization “Zemlya I volya” as one of the first terrorist organizations. There is no problem with criminological data on terrorism. However, we still can not say about real results and find way out. And there is a problem not only by the reason that given researches are theoretical. On my opinion, terrorism is researched using not correct methodology and research of these processes in the world is carried out on methodologically relative level [11, 2].
In general we are speaking about an issue of philosophy. What is prior: spirit or matter? Will the answer on this question allow us to find out reasons and consequences of any social-abnormal activity or will it answer a question concerning perspectives and circumstances of globalization in the world? I doubt whether. That is why we can talk and think about abstract categories while it does not have to be so transcendent that accentualisation became a problem impossible to solve. On opinion of “Dead water” conception authors the main problems of generally useful philosophy are methodology and development of culture and consequences of human behavior that becomes predictable based on it. If the other main problem in world view is stated and is popularized in society as the key problem in relation to sense of living than all this garbage hinders to predict consequences of governing decisions in society. Such kind of society is unable to define goals of own development by itself, to achieve own defined goals, make analysis of events that is extremely important for governing correction. As the result, it loses ability for self-government and became an instrument in others hands [19, 31].
According to generally accepted conception governing is understood as process of deliberate and purposeful influence of a subject of governing to an object to gain posed task. In mentioned case we can identify globalization process on modern stage of humanity development with expansion of American ideology, in other words influence of American elite on world society to reform it at own discretion. Any attempts to say about independence in politics of numerous states including France claiming for leadership and Germany trying to suppress American expansion along with France and many other economically developed countries but impotent toward the USA in political and military spheres are at least mistaken. The USA as subject of ruling is the guide and fanatic of globalization idea. Object of ruling is the world community includes Great Britain, Japan, Germany, France, and Canada. Last thesis of President Bush concerning possibility to use nuclear weapon against any state if any interests of United States infringed whether a state have nuclear weapon or not and U.S. Congress decision made in March 2002 demanding Ukraine to carry out elections fairly is a graphic evidence and confirmation of thesis expressed by former U.S. State Secretary Madlene Olbright: “we will maintain our presence everywhere where there is a necessity to protect our interests” [17, 19]. And this presence is not only physical one.
Having defined object and subject of governing we can speak about principles of governing only through the prism of U.S. national interests: all processes in the world complying with national interests of the USA will be supported and the other will be anathematize blaming them to be undemocratic or terrorist regimes or in any other form not contradicting development of modern civilization. We can easily place among them conflict in Central Europe in former Yugoslavia, presence of countries supporting terrorism in Asia region and preventing measures can be used against these countries including bombing and embargo; permanent conflict between Palestine and Israel, encounter of India and Pakistan, Southern and Northern Korea and all of this establishes primeval possibility to manipulate instability waves in Asian region, economic crisis in Argentina… On my opinion we have to put a question as to formulation of a new applied theory of globalistics: theory of civilization governing in conditions of globalization.
The interesting side in this context are American researches which dedicated antiterrorism problematic. W.Laqueur represent an old and I would say dogmatic antiterrorism school. His opinion potentially lies in the sphere of ideology but not in science. In his work “The New Terrorism” [20] in part “terrorist motives” he looks person which represent terrorism in meaning W. Laqueur, but indeed this person was revolutionary motivated. Defference between revolution and terrorism is so deep, that we made a separate research dedicated this. Also its not very difficult to prognosis that “in the near future political terrorists in Europe or America use weapons of mass destruction”. Its very clear option, because the level of terrorism is equal urbanization level and hi tech which includes improvement of weapons of mass destruction. Determination of this two categories is axiomatic and should not be present like deep analyses of terrorism phenomena. A lot of things we can argue with this author, but I respect his position about main terrorism motivation. This is religious motivation.
With another side viewing this problem Jonathan R.White in his work “Terrorism: an introduction” [21]. His work is not so theoretical, because main accent direct to research terrorism in different countries. This way is more wide, than W.Laqueur approach, bun not so deep, because do not gives us a system observe of terrorism. Moreover this book directs more in the practical side, for the reason that theoretical meaning of terrorism includes only 15 pages. In addition, its my opinion, the main task of researcher is not only to show thoughts by another person, but find his own way to solve the problem. In this side, White’s book is good data base, includes well done observe a lot of researches. I don’t agree with White’s position about science literature about terrorism which “tries to explain “how and why” …and usually written by academics for academics” (p.10). Any activity in field of our life is based on knowledge which includes such our experience like our theoretical skills to know why do we do that, why do we have a success or lose something important. Without theory and history our activity will be equal to anytime producing a positive experience. But once may happened what you never expect and you will lose. 9/11 events is the result the practice daily routine secure homeland, not based on theory and prognosis, not use the political viewing due to than rising US force intimidate rising angry in various forms, on of that is terrorism.
In this area more argumented and not so critic is another White’s work, where terrorism issues is combined with national security [22].
In general we can talk about well done researches of the masters at blending concepts dedicated to terrorism typologisation, such as in Wilkinson’s research [23], Bell’s and Crozier’s Typology of Terror [24] and many many others.
I can also say like deep and very informative work is about Purpura’s [25], Howard’s [26], Forest’s books [27].
We can say about different approaches, types, positions, but in general all of this work dedicated to one goal — secure our homeland, make security level higher and prevent global terrorism.
After defining subject and object of governing, functions, principles and aim of this process, one must establish a range of means (by means we mean the ways of manipulating or ways of influence). We would like to name terrorism as a mean which has an outstanding role for civilization governing. We would like provide a harsh analysis of terrorism as the mean of governing. I would like to offer the following hierarchical system of influence means as one of the variants:
- World view informational character that lies in establishment of bipolar world of a man: we versus them. People who have the different point of view, whose hierarchical order of the world processes do not comply with generally recognized order are abandoned and their revolt having bloody forms is illegal. All of this changes basics of thinking culture and completeness of ruling activity because there is no protection of a human, there is only his further enslavement using slogans of necessity to fight terrorism.
- Information of annalistic, chronological character that allows to pick out single processes apprehending “chaotic flow” of facts and events to world view sieve – personal measure of human perception.
- Information of descriptive and factual character including religious doctrines of destructive cults, different ideologies of terrorism.
- Economic processes as means of influence; it can be used to initiate or to neutralize terrorism.
- Means of direct physical influence: nuclear threat, intervention of narcotics, tobacco and alcohol, food supplements and other environmental pollutants, transgene engineering and cloning.
- Means of the lowest level of suggestion – common weapon and other means with direct damage.
Of course, given hierarchical table of influence means is not ideal, however it allows us to define sharply most probable means when terrorism can be used as mechanism of governing. Surely, at the highest level there are conceptually unacceptable governing decisions that can influence using terrorism directly or indirectly. When this set is used inside one system then it is the common means of governing. When these means are used by a system against another one then this is common weapon or instrument of war. Terrorism as mean of civilization governing in context of permanent globalization processes can not be applied to countries which governing system do not contradict basic principles of total system of governing (model of the USA).
Of course, given hierarchical table of influence means is not ideal, however it allows us to define sharply most probable means when terrorism can be used as mechanism of governing. Surely, at the highest level there are conceptually unacceptable governing decisions that can influence using terrorism directly or indirectly. When this set is used inside one system then it is the common means of governing. When these means are used by a system against another one then this is common weapon or instrument of war.
We would like to mention that we did not intend to disparage globalization idea or to show its negative character. Our main goal was to provide critique to some of the governing principles using terrorism, demonstrate how globalization can assists expansion of terrorism, and how modern civilization can potentially be governed using terrorism by forming global security system. It is much beyond the score of this twelve-page article to cover thoroughly all issues of globalization, governing and terrorism since some of them are disputable, polemic, and need s large-scale discussion. However, we have an assurance that any study of terrorism fighting has to be carried out through the prism of globalization and forming global security system like one unite process.
Globalization, as a process of conceptual model of civilization governing, has a lot of means. Unfortunately, terrorism is among them. That is why, except urgent necessity of antiterrorist legislation we have to work out new methodology in order to study terrorism as a complex nonlinear dynamical self-organizing system, which develops according to society developments and needs to improve. New methodology and comprehension of terrorism ties with globalization will bring in pithiness to research paradigm that finally will be applied to elaborate specific practical proposals to neutralization of terrorism as a mean of civilization governing and also negative consequences of globalization. It is not an easy work but we believe that it is feasible.
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