Володимир Ліпкан,

доктор юридичних наук,

Голова Інституту стратегічних комунікацій ГОСЛ

Нині ми не може уявити своє життя без інформації. Відтак іманентність інформації, її присутність будь-де в інформаційному суспільстві формує умови, за яких вона чинить на нас вплив, змушує корегувати свою поведінку, впливає на ухвалення нами тих чи інших рішень.

Одним із могутніх важелів інформаційного впливу виступає пропаганда.

Що нам потрібно розуміти, коли ми вживаємо слово «пропаганда»?

По-перше, пропагандою виступає будь-яка інформація, ідеї, доктрини або спеціальні методи впливу на думки, емоції, настанови чи поведінку групи людей з метою набуття переваг, прямих чи непрямих.

По-друге, сучасна пропаганда – це системна діяльність, зміст якої полягає у поширенні різних політичних, філософських, наукових, художніх та інших ідей і принципів із метою їх упровадження в суспільну свідомість і активізації масової практичної діяльності людей на основі цих ідей і принципів.

Таким чином, коли на екранах телебачення ми бачимо постійне насильство (неважливо: насильство як форма боротьби зі злочинністю або насильство як форма протиправної поведінки людини) – це пропаганда насильства.

Коли у чатах, блогах, соціальних мережах ми постійно стикаємося із лайкою, пейоративною лексикою тощо – це пропаганда убогого мислення, духовної нікчемності, мовленнєвого занепаду, яке тиражується множиться і втягує дедалі більшу кількість осіб.

Коли в новинах, на сайтах, де подаються новини, в будь-яких каналах подається інформація лише про негатив (вбивства, ДТП, смерті, катастрофи) – це пропаганда некрофілії, тобто потягу до смерті.

Сьогодні людей не навчають головному: любити, робити щасливими своїх близьких, правильно жити, бути самим щасливим.

Хочемо ми того чи ні, але людство недієво використало свободу слова, і нині на романтичну комедію до кінотеатру не буде ніколи таких аншлагів, як на блокбастери чи круті бойовики з чисельними актами насильства, сексу, алкоголю, наркотиків та алкогольного питла. Так само, і YouTube будь-який ролик із лайкою та брутальним сексом, вбивствами та насильством набере в рази більше переглядів, ніж розповідь або аналітичне дослідження щодо корінь сучасної цивілізації, призначення людини в світі.

Таким чином, висновую, що пропаганда нищівно експлуатує людські слабкості, інформаційно освічена еліта стає новим експлуататорським класом, використовуючи нові важелі глобального управління.

Реалізовуватися пропаганда може у різний спосіб. Тому виділяють її декілька видів.

Біла пропаганда — відверто нелояльна до суб’єкта-адресата пропаганда, яка ведеться будь-якими засобами масової інформації (державними, комерційними, громадськими тощо) офіційними каналами без приховування її спрямованості та джерела.

Така пропаганда, наприклад, ведеться російськими ЗМІ проти України, Туреччини, США, ЄС та їх посадових осіб. На телеканалах та у інших державних ЗМІ постійно відбувається відкрита фальсифікація інформації, дискредитація вищих посадових осіб з метою викривлення інформації і формування негативного ставлення як до України, так і до Туреччини.

Звичайно, що для досягнення успіху однієї білої пропаганди недостатньо. Тому, поряд із білою, використовується чорна пропаганда — нелояльна до суб’єкта-адресата пропаганда, яка ведеться неофіційними каналами, у тому числі через можливості спецслужб, від імені вигаданих чи спеціально створених під відповідними легендами за допомогою методів маскування підпільних груп і опозиційних елементів. Дана пропаганда базується на принципах, розроблених Й.Геббельсом:

1) пропаганда має бити в одну точку — доносити до зомбованих людей не низку переконливих і складних думок, а одну спрощену до примітивізму тезу;

2) пропаганда має звертатися не до розуму і здорового глузду, а  до емоцій людини, її підсвідомості, темних інстинктів;

3) пропаганда має бути наступальною, прямою та агресивною, уникати доказів та логічних міркувань — людей слід приголомшити і вони повірять усьому.

Якщо проаналізувати події в Європі, то там здебільшого російська пропагандистська машина використовує чорну пропаганду. Так, наприклад, в Німеччині пропаганда спрямована на підрив довіри до ЄС, дискредитацію канцлера Меркель за допомогою різноманітних гротескних порівнянь певних подій із подіями у нацистській Німеччині.

Будь-яка російська пропаганда чи то біла, чи то чорна здебільшого спрямована не бездоказовість і застосування абсурдних вигаданих подій, в які люди здебільшого вірять, саме через емоційну складову. Бездоказовість і відсутність будь-якої логіки чи то формальної чи то діалектичної, звернення до емоційної складової психіки людини  – відмінні риси російської пропагандистської машини.

Звичайно, що може існувати і проміжний елемент, так звана сіра пропаганда — нелояльна до суб’єкта-адресата пропаганда, яка ведеться будь-якими засобами масової інформації офіційними каналами, але з приховуванням її спрямованості та справжнього джерела. Так, прикладом, в Європі відбувається діяльність російських каналів із проголошеною метою: формування альтернативних поглядів, насправді ці погляди – носять антидержавний характер, створюють умови для дестабілізації національної безпеки, групових порушень громадського порядку, утягнення Європи до пучини хаосу та безладів, занепаду Європи із подальшим її розпадом.

На сучасному етапі розвитку та впровадження системи стратегічних комунікацій як нової моделі державотворення, яка приходить на зміну державному управлінню, пропаганда становить спосіб інформаційної боротьби, який передбачає активний наступальний інформаційний вплив на об’єкт з метою внесення наперед заданих змін до інформаційного простору, що спричинює відповідні зміни у просторі реальності.

Таким чином відбувається актуалізації реалізації симулятивних практик, коли симулякри виступають дороговказами розвою в реальному житті.

З урахуванням сучасних інформаційних заходів та засобів, сучасна пропаганда виступає формою систематичного цілеспрямованого переконування, яке намагається вплинути на емоції, погляди, думки й дії визначеної цільової аудиторії з політичною, ідеологічною або іншою метою через контрольовану передачу односторонніх повідомлень, які можуть узгоджуватися із фактами або ні, безпосередньо або каналами мас-медіа.

Що ж робити Україні в умовах ведення проти неї широкої та системної пропаганди: обмежитись контрпропагандистськими заходами, як на це наголошують в Міністерстві інформаційної політики України, або розробити та втілити в життя Концепцію державної інформаційної політики, в рамках якою питанням пропаганди і відповідно контрпропаганди посідають чільне місце?

На мій погляд, потрібно створити могутню, дієву та ефективну брейнплатформу для відпрацювання стратегії інформаційної політики, в межах якої питанням пропаганди, і відповідно протидії іноземній, підкреслю саме іноземній, а не лише російській пропаганді, має бути відведено чільне місце. Не слід плутати і ототожнювати інформаційну політику з контрпропагандою. Так саме як і не слід плутати національні інтереси із ситуативними завданнями інформаційної безпеки.

Книжка Джина Шарпа має стати настільної для кожного топ-чиновника на державній службі. Це набагато важливіше за знання окремих положень певних законів стосовно антикорупційного законодавства і тих тестів, які зараз складають при вступі до державної служби. Якщо чиновник не володіє елементарними знаннями щодо методологічного інструментарію інформаційно-психологічних операцій, то всі ці тести не допоможуть йому протистояти і завчасно ідентифікувати загрози. Стратегічні комунікації мають стати новим горизонтом пізнання.

З урахуванням системних помилок в німецькій та турецькій інформаційній політиці потрібно розробити державний механізм інформаційної політики, який може бути реалізований в рамках новоствореного Міністерства стратегічних комунікацій, як центрального органу виконавчої влади, що формує, організовує, спрямовує, реалізовує та контролює реалізацію державної інформаційної політики.

Пропаганді може бути протиставлений не лише наративи плюралістичного висвітлення подій, а й передусім їх таргетизація та засадах пріоритезаці, відповідність меті розвитку держави та узгодженість із національними інтересами. Централізація наративів не замінює плюралізм інформації, а сприяє її спрямуванню до конструктивного русла, коригуванню громадської думки відповідно до національних інтересів.

Маємо говорити не про плюралізм взагалі, а про плюралізм в рамках конструктивного. Саме цим плюралізм інформації і різнитиметься від пропаганди, мас-медіа від фейк-медіа.

Volodymyr Lipkan*

Security is an elite destiny

V. Lipkan

Data Publishing:

 Lipkan V. Conceptual Framework and Nature of the General Theory of National Security /V. Lipkan // Central and Eastern European Legal Studies. 2014. #2. P. 231-256.

https://eplopublications.eu/publication/print-edition/central-and-eastern-european-legal-studies-no-2-2014

Introduction

The general theory of national security represents an essential element of intellectual cultures of the mankind and embraces extensive political and legal experience of prior generations reflecting main trends, milestones and outcomes of previous research into the problems of ensuring security of an individual, nation and state. This cognitive expertise, ideas and breakthroughs have now a tangible influence on the current concept of formation and operation of the national security system, its legal vision and development prospects.

In an attempt to see into the present day and head way for a better and secure future, people are used to getting back to the past, time-proven security forms and mechanisms and will undoubtedly keep on doing so. It is not a mere tribute to the past or blind faith in traditions and authorities. It rather constitutes a human orientation in geo-historical time and geopolitical environment, a natural need and aspiration of every generation to gain an attractor (peak of security of an individual, nation or state) and once settled down in between the past and the future, to get maximum realization of personal needs and interests through the robust functioning of the security mechanism. In this respect a much-written-about meandering evolution of security systems, the formation and effective performance of its components is becoming yet more important. The general theory of national security enables to get a better understanding of how the cognition of the national security nature evolved in that eternal collision of different views and positions and how the knowledge about reasonable balance between security-related interests of an individual, nation and state, human rights and freedoms, social and public order, national security forms and methods was gained and sharpened. The extending experience and the increasing knowledge about national security contribute to the growing importance of national security studies – the general theory of national security. After analysing numerous research papers, the author suggests that, alternatively, the general theory of national security should be labeled as natiosecuritology from the Latin ‘natio’ – a tribe, people; and ‘logos’ – a science, study, movement. Preference is hereinafter given to the title “general theory of national security”. One of its objectives is to describe the foundations of building up a tree of theories about national security and to explain the operating and development mechanism of Ukraine’s national security system.

1. Scope and Nature of the General Theory of National Security

The general theory of national security represents a modern cross-discipline trend in the fundamental science, which studies the level of a nation’s interests being safeguarded from natural and man-caused dangers using various methods, including investigation of the self-organization of so-called disrupters (destabilizing systems). The core of the concept consists in harmonizing research principles for organizational structures (method of extrapolation, determination of NSS dysfunction by identifying threats and dangers to a system) with those applied in self-organizational structures, namely: investigation of NSS as a complex open non-linear and dynamic system, assessment of self-organizing mechanisms, forecasting of fundamental parameters of system evolution. The NSS structure is viewed as a component of a nation’s security concept. The general theory of national security (GTNS) comprises a system of knowledge which describes and explains a set of national security phenomena and consolidates the rules discovered in this area into a uniform harmonized system with a common idea of building a strong and developed, self-sustaining and independent state. Overall, the general theory of national security abides by the following principles:   – Relevance of the scientific theory to an object in question;   – Comprehensive and consistent description of a particular area of activity;   – Need for substantiating liaison between different components of a theory ensuring that certain assertions pass over to the others;   – Inherent non-contradiction of a theory and its adequacy to research data.   In addition, this scientific trend allows for predicting and explaining the formation and activation of destabilizing factors and mechanisms of proliferation – a specific type of system mutation that transforms one system into the other. This being said, one can assuredly declare the heuristicity of the general theory of national security. Its simplicity and consistency are determined by the possibility of a general review of its foundations and principles. The conceptual framework of the general theory of national security incorporates the recommendations set forth in many research papers. The suggested scientific trend is based on a number of new principles and guidelines:   It studies the security of an individual, nation and state that, being a harmonized trinity, create the system of national security;   Given the global complexity of the system and its partial information description one should consider the intuition, expertise, unifying and predictive power and other psycho-physiological qualities and abilities of the man;   Since dangers and threats to NSS can not undergo in-situ experiments, the only way of national security research goes through formulating techniques, assumptions, patterns and algorithms resulting from a synergetic approach to the destabilizing factors that differ by nature;   The validity of techniques, assumptions, patterns and algorithms is tested through computer-based simulation of destabilizing systems with various intensity, forecasting and monitoring the processes of self-organizing by means of methodological tools of different sciences, in particular synergetics and cybernetics.   The research is mainly targeted at:   Establishing fundamental rules of system transition from dynamic equilibrium to chaos;   Quantitative and qualitative description of complex non-linear interacting mechanisms of the specified systems, objects and structures at different stages of origination and progress of threats and dangers and their consequences in time and spatial kinetic set;   Setting up scientific foundation of diagnosing, monitoring, early warning and cessation of threats and dangers.   The fundamentals of this scientific trend lie in superior theories, including, but not limited to, theory of social administration, general theory of security, general theory of systems. Moreover, by its integrating nature GTNS incorporates fundamental provisions of other sciences to include nation theory, social contract theory, catastrophe theory, crisis theory, dynamic systems theory, autogenesis theory and others. As a cross-discipline trend GTNS uses rules, methods, criteria and principles of natural, technical, social sciences, namely:   Management and Information Science (cybernetics, theory of social administration, integral systems theory, automatic control theory, decision theory, game theory, catastrophe theory, crisis theory, systems theory, effectiveness theory, operations research, meta-modeling theory, motivation theory, development theory, reflection theory, functional systems theory, genetic information theory, hypersystems theory, macrosystems theory, etc.);    Physics (dissipative systems theory, lasers theory, optimum theory, nuclear physics and nuclear energetics, general and applied particle and solid-state physics, radio electronics, spectroscopy, atmospheric physics, geophysics, statistic physics, quantum mechanics);   Biology and physiology (genetics, evolution theory, ecology, neurophysiology, evolutionary epistemology theory, co-evolution theory, evolutionary morphology);   Mathematics (methods of mathematic system analysis, math statistics and probability theory, math modeling, bifurcation theory, risk theory, dissipative structures theory, set theory);   Chemistry (theory of chemical and physical reactions, process and material chemistry, organic and inorganic chemistry, biochemistry);   Machine science (analysis and synthesis of complex systems, reliability theory, kinematics and dynamics of machines and mechanisms);   Mechanics (gas and liquid mechanics, deformed solid state mechanics);   Geology (comprehensive methods of geology, geophysics and geochemistry, ocean science);   Social sciences (fundamentals of state and law, philosophy, sociology, geopolitics, geoeconomics, geostrategy, ethnogenesis theory).   The conceptual and categorical framework objectively formed in the general theory of national security comprises basic and specific notions such as national security (insecurity), national threat, safeguard, ensuring, support, probability, risk, catastrophe, crisis, vital functions, system environment, adverse factor, dangerous impact, system response, algorithm of managing, national idea, national interests, national outlook, national sufficiency, national security system, state administration of national security system, etc. A laser-like focus in the general theory of national security is put on working out criteria and measurement scales which provide for quantification of dangers and threats, degree of security and vulnerability of the system and its components. In turn, they form quantitative and qualitative parameters of management decision-making process that are used to shape a system of national security objectives and to evaluate the effectiveness of actions to complete. The quantitative analysis and working out of scales to measure the status of national security within NSS are based on the following basic criteria:   threats (dangers) to life and vital functions;   threats and dangers to the national security system.   Threat criteria bear a probable nature and are determined by frequency of materialization of threats (dangers) to NSS and their damage effect. In some cases threat criteria stand for likelihood or regularity of unfavourable, dangerous or catastrophic phenomena. General analysis of threats (dangers) to NSS is conducted by studying threats (dangers) for each case of disrupters being activated and their number for a definite period of time. It enables to seek remedies of solving national security problems and managing threats (dangers) locally, regionally and nationwide. In applying risk criteria within GTNS the management is aimed at achieving the objectives by the system involving purposeful impact of command agent on national security system. Sustainable and effective performance of all its algorithms contributes to the completion of system objectives. Evidently, the matters of ensuring the development of national security support subsystems and suppression of destabilizing systems should be treated as secondary. Therefore, the fundamental scientific basis of NSS management consists in selecting an effective tool of attaining system objectives, outlining priorities in ensuring national security and working out urgent and prospective actions to mitigate threats and enhance the quality and lifespan of basic algorithms within the national security system. The utilization of methodological tools available in synergetics and system research will enable to model the dynamics of self-organizational systems, thus predicting, preventing and counteracting the destabilizing systems. Such principles as fundamentals of system generation, performance and development constitute its crucial operating element in addition to its purpose, functions and methods. One of them refers to the principle of in-depth defense destined to absorb possible human faults or support system malfunction. It involves a series of barriers that, once passed over, prevent the effect of destabilizing system disrupters from being spread. Such barriers are capable of deterring the disrupters and being committed to exploitation and security purposes. Obviously, once the national security system has been organizationally and functionally put in place, it will call for training of managers, extensive skill development and professional re-training. National security professional training should become a remarkable event evidencing that a state is validly willing to have a strong power, which is primarily measured by the intellectual potential of its elite. Systemic thinking plays an essential role in the state-building process, as it gives an opportunity to shake off systemic atomism and deal with all state problems through the need of ensuring national security (GTNS-centric approach) and satisfying national interests. That is why national security professional training should be a state priority, thus expressing its aspiration for development rather than mere existence. Given that people represent the highest social value and the state guarantees human rights and freedoms, top executives should be trained as national security systemologists. National interest priority ought to be reflected in the state decision-making process and transposed into any regulation, harmonization of legislation and local adoption of international law best practices. This being said, for the purpose of creating a managerial elite in national security it prospectively urges to work out the following measures: drawing up centralized programs of consistent skill development and re-training; elaborating and implementing regional and industry specific programs of national security professional training; developing and adopting international programs for professionals in managing self-organizational systems in the case of destabilization with different intensity, etc. Consequently, fundamental and applied research should reasonably provide for: methodological support of formulating a national security neoparadigm; a number of applied theories in NSS with the theory of state administration of national security system playing an essential role; development and utilization of a uniform system of criteria to assess threats to the national security system; meta-modeling of probable threats to NSS with further preparation of a standard plan of actions for stabilization algorithms; elaboration and application of uniform methods and systems of control, diagnosis, identification and safeguard; design of comprehensive dynamics and integration programs of the national security system based on geopolitical analysis of the environment.   To recap, the state governance professionals should be trained under the principle of consistency and compliance with national interests. These principles represent principal foundations for creating a  systemic mindset in State senior managers.

2. Interdisciplinary Nature of the General Theory of National Security

Considering the specifics of modern science formation special attention is paid to the increasing cross-discipline nature of essential research trends. Interdisciplinarity is said to be a sign of complexity. Its analysis is focused on research trends which produce other more sophisticated scientific disciplines to include the general theory of national security. Having this in mind, an interdisciplinary approach in the general theory of national security is worth studying. The cross-discipline nature of the general theory of national security is primarily uncovered in investigating complex problems of ensuring national security that urge to use the methodology of many scientific disciplines and movements. In GTNS research different scientific disciplines complement each other contributing to the integrity of analyzing the national security phenomenon. Each of these disciplines has its own approach and is committed to complete its subtask. Some of them are focused on supplements and elaboration of specialized theories of national security; the others deal with working out new forms of knowledge expression, getting an insight into the genetic background, place and objectives to be tackled in the general system of GTNS. Most researchers switch their scientific focus on the complexity of many problems. For example, Yu.V. Sachkov states that the key problems of current scientific cognition are of a complex nature. Analyzing complex problems of the science it is worth considering specific features of scientific cognition: scientific evolution brings knowledge, unveils qualities and rules of a new class of phenomena and processes and further sharpens ways and methods of scientific research. The sophisticated nature of the general theory of national security is revealed in addressing the question of how it actually improves scientific efforts. Its solution is based on the structural analysis of scientific cognition that divides scientific research into fundamentaland applied. Where should we include general theory of national security? Fundamental research is often labelled as a searching one. It is said that fundamental research creates new methods rather than applies and enhances the established ones. In many cases fundamental science is called “pure”. On the one hand, given the development trends followed by fundamental science, the general theory of national security is to work out uniform principles of ensuring national security that would reveal this phenomenon as a whole unit. In the long run it will result in a final system of equations causing national security to be viewed in a more comprehensive manner compared to the originally defined. On the other hand, in line with development prospects of applied sciences, the general theory of national security is destined to get an in-depth insight into different forms and types of national security system components. Evolution of diversity drives the processes in the Universe. The national security phenomenon is inexhaustible and more sophisticated than originally studied. The matter of sources and drivers of applied sciences is concerned with both practical problems of production development and intellectual demands of the man. Applied sciences deal with practical objectives. It should be pointed out however that applied research is mainly focused on investigating rather than designing security systems or technologies. The difference between fundamental and applied research lies in the specifics of selecting research lines and targets. Nevertheless, methods and outcomes have their own value. In fundamental sciences problem-selecting is primarily determined by the internal logic of its development and the technical means for appropriate experiments. On the contrary, in applied sciences the selection of problems and targets of research is directly linked to the influence of public demands – technical, economic, social objectives. Interdisciplinary approach is to a great extent determined by the hierarchical component in setting and handling research objectives and their solution is viewed as a hierarchical structure of patterns pertaining to different phenomena and processes. Its uniting core involves working out a basic model, principal features of those patterns and processes. In the general theory of national security the basic model represents a common view on national security liaised with the knowledge of the rules of keeping balance between interests of an individual, society and state. Scientific evolution gives birth to new more sophisticated basic models. Unlike the standpoint of the classical science where the general theory of national security reflects a fundamental vision on the discrete aspect of the national security system structure, the synergetic model promotes a fundamental vision on its continuous aspect. The synergetic model is liaised with the views on self-organization and spontaneity which is a matter of principle for analyzing complex non-linear dynamic systems. Analysing the formation of the general theory of national security one should consider that it serves the basis, the conceptual core of formulating applied theories of national security. The key development vector of fundamental sciences represents the internal needs and interests of the science, the homeostasis and integrity of scientific trends on national security by producing unifying ideas and methods of cognition characterizing the fundamentals of life. Conversely, applied theories are outward-oriented just as other practical types of ensuring security in a particular area. The perception by the scientific community of the GTNS formation matrix with its relevant applied theories is an engine to spur their development. The content analysis of security literature conducted led the author to the conclusion that in the early 20^th century most researchers were focused on addressing the problems of information security – which comes as no surprise – by creating an information community, thus generating the need for appropriate controls. One of the key components of such control involves managing the interests of information community, i.e. information security management. It is worth mentioning the increasing interest in personal safety triggered by turning state’s attention to the needs and interests of an individual who could feel uncomfortable with the level of security provided by the competent government authorities. Since the Constitution guarantees the right to life, health, respect, dignity and personal safety the citizen is entitled to opt for any legal remedies of such safeguard. It appears to be the cause of the recent boom of the private security system. In studying the interaction between fundamental and applied research it should be pointed out that the development of supplements to the fundamental theory in some lines of research is not just a mere deduction of deriving new consequences out of basic provisions of the theory. Every applied theory of national security possesses a specific conceptual and categorical apparatus and development rules to be revealed through special experimental and theoretical means. At the same time, the notions and laws of the general theory of national security will serve as a basis for consolidating all the knowledge and information about national security. Thus, the general theory of national security represents a scholastic system of knowledge incorporating numerous applied theories rather than a separate theory. Among the objectives of the general theory of national security is to formulate rules and principles for the sustainable development of diverse knowledge about national security as an integral system and to develop its control on the basis of scientific criteria and to work out acceptable parameters of assimilation and integration with other scientific theories and trends that are in some way related to addressing the matters of national security. Furthermore, the general theory of national security constitutes the core of generating scientific trends about national security and an integrity-creating scientific line capable of preserving its specific features researching into a definite object and subject. The above leads to the statement that GTNS applied theories comprise the content of the general theory of national security and a crucial element of interdisciplinary line of research. The general theory of national security determines the designing of investigations in a quite broad area – national security – and the specifics of setting and handling research objectives, i.e. GTNS thinking in a certain area  of applied scientific research. In addition, the general theory of national security affects the whole system of knowledge about national security, philosophical mindset and its system of values. The general theory of national security lays down the foundation of new fundamental principles of the world order and evolution leading to their subordination. It can be clearly observed that current scientific research addresses the security matters. One can even coin it security renaissance - regular process of reviving interest in security driven by objective and subjective, common and specific factors that define the speed, direction, depth and nature of security-related processes. It results in a tendency towards absolutization of security as a central and basic operating criterion of all living creatures. Admittedly, these processes have an influence on human outlook and formation of a new philosophical security-focused trend that refers to a form of worldview deeply concerned with security which defines all other forms and types of activity and, in more abstract terms, functioning of the whole system. Security is a measure in addressing any matter. Security is a measure applied in addressing any matter enabling us to come up with the following maxim – security is above all things but not by all available means. The formation of the general theory of national security should also consider the inverse relation: the expansion of applied theories of national security has a rebound effect on GTNS. Naturally, the pioneering trend will be followed by a unifying meta-scientific streamline, i.e. the extensive development of applied research will foster the formation of a new fundamental science. It appears to be of scientific interest to model those applied theories that will become the cornerstone of a new trend in dealing with fundamental problems. Most researchers specializing in cross-discipline problems reasonably state that fundamental sciences are developed through applied research carried out by previous fundamental theories. Similarly, the general theory of national security as a fundamental scientific streamline in national security is formed through applied research of other fundamental theories in this area as well as integration on the basis of the methodology of interdisciplinary approach multidirectional knowledge about national security gained by other sciences and, theories. The formation of the general theory of national security is practically needed, because it will play a fundamental role – to serve as a basis for current trends on national security that represent and constitute a substratum of a security-centered epoch. One of the important lines of modern applied research in national security comprises the application of its ideas and methods to anthroposociocultural processes focusing on the identification and generation of unifying ideas to form a new conceptual vision. The use of the synergetic approach in the research of the national security system enables to funnel scientific efforts into addressing the ideas related to the processes of getting an in-depth insight into the nature of self-organization maintained by complex non-linear dynamic systems, understanding the fundamentals of selectiveness, determination of functioning and management of those systems. The evolution of fundamental sciences does not directly concern practical demands, and their proactive development eventually precedes scientific and technical progress. Similarly, the general theory of national security is committed to see into the Universe and to satisfy one human intellectual need – the need for knowledge. It is satisfied and developed by working out a scientific method, its theoretical and experimental foundations that can be transposed into the following maximum: “Know security and it will set you free”. The above considerations on the role of fundamental and applied scientific fields contribute to a better understanding of the specific nature of setting and handling cross-discipline problems of the general theory of national security. The general theory of national security is a pillar of synthesizing different scientific fields and theories of national security. The structure of applied research also incorporates a hierarchical component that in turn contains theoretical ideas and vision with various level of generalization. An applied arm of research method facilitates the sensitive analysis of the reality which constitutes the prerequisite for development of the general theory of national security. The above can be summarized in the following conclusions. 1. On the one hand, the problem of national security is system-wide, i.e. calls for treating national security as a system and using systemic thinking for its adequate understanding; and comprehensive on the other hand, i.e. covering multi-subject knowledge. It can be stated that the problem of national security bears an interdisciplinary nature. 2. The lack of an integral system of knowledge about national security produces the need for its formation under the current circumstances. The specifics of object and subject (a variety of aspects, directions and features) and the interdisciplinary nature of the problem generate a need for formulating a relevant cross-discipline research methodology. Thus, the research on national security should be based on interdisciplinary methodology. 3. Finally, the application of interdisciplinary methodology produces common solutions which may be applied to both integrity-creating field – general theory of national security – and other applied theories in national security. Therefore, the problem-solving should consider GTNS cross-discipline nature. It naturally leads to the following trinity which enables to substantiate the interdisciplinary nature of the general theory of national security: a cross-discipline problem calls for interdisciplinary methodology in order to get a cross-discipline solution. At some point it can be stated that the general theory of national security represents a meta-scientific field, i.e. a scientific field to study other theories and scientific trends on national security. This assertion involves that the general theory of national security studies the system of provisions and notions of applied theories, defines their scope and principles of conceptual and categorical apparatus, thus giving an opportunity to shape them in a more reasonable fashion. It leads to the conclusion that the formation of the general theory of national security as a scholastic system of knowledge about national security is viewed as an urgent need experienced by Ukrainian community as part of European integration policy that involves adoption into the international security system and strengthening of the European security system. The scope of problems addressed by the general theory of national security is quite wide, however, its second-to-none object and subject enables to admit that the general theory of national security belongs to interdisciplinary scientific fields. Moreover, the cross-discipline approach will guide and drive the formation of its effective methodology that is by its nature and conception intended to become fundamental and basic for applied scientific trends and theories of national security. In turn, the general theory of national security comprises an integrity-creating component for applied theories which will possess their own specific rules of development. Above all, the general theory of national security is an interdisciplinary scientific field. Obviously, its scope of problems is determined by a cross-discipline aspect and deliverables of concrete investigations bear an inherent interdisciplinary nature. It proves the fact that the integral system of knowledge about national security – general theory of national security – represents an interdisciplinary scientific field.

3. Architecture of the Scientific Approach to the Study of National Security Components

According to the above provisions, it is worth outlining the algorithm of modeling management subsystems in definite areas of activity. It is a must since the modeling comprises a process and actions within it follow a certain sequence and are interrelated. So, the subsystems of national security management should be modeled as follows.   Step 1: dealing with the concept and nature of a concrete type of security, its role in the system of national security. Defining the notion of a concrete type of security should take into account the fact that national security represents a kind of social activity which involves an intentional purposeful impact by a command agent on national security system, under which public and private institutions create favourable conditions for progressive development of Ukrainian national interests, sources of Ukraine’s well-being and ensure the effective performance of the national security system in Ukraine. Hence, the definition of environmental security should consider its specific features, objective laws, rules and principles of development and finally its characteristics. Every notion of any security type is described keeping in mind that it constitutes an element of national security. The structure of definition is to be correlated with that of the national security concept. Below is a sample definition of environmental security to read as follows: environmental security is a component of national security, a kind of social activity which involves an intentional purposeful impact by a command agent on national security system, under which public and private institutions create favourable conditions for environmental equilibrium and guarantee the protection of human habitat, biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and cosmosphere, flora, fauna and natural resources. Following that algorithm environmental security can be defined as a component of national security, a kind of social activity which involves an intentional purposeful impact by a command agent on national security system, under which public and private institutions create favourable conditions for the state’s ability to recover gross domestic national product, quantitative and qualitative balance in international relations, economic competitiveness and sustainable performance of the credit and financial system. Such approach will enable to unify approaches to the study of basic notions of the national security theory, which is phased in on the basis of a logical definition of common and fundamental notions, principles and norms. It will lay down the foundation for mutual understanding by professionals in different areas of activity united by national security goals and objectives. On top of it, the theory will operate on the basis of its own language, principles of its structure and effective use that currently make its existence more important and constitute a verifying factor of its practical role. It is worth mentioning here the methodology of this scientific field – a set of goals, principles and functions that in their integrity create a new quality and are realized by adequate means. All the components should be integrated in a single system and correlated.   Step 2: simulating a threat to national security in a specific area taking into account real and regulatory threats as defined by the Law of Ukraine On Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine as well as potential and non-regulatory ones that are omitted therein and within security law, but still affect relevant matters. Similarly, defining the notion of threats in a particular area of activity should be guided by GTNS method which represents the principle of self-organization of national security research. Once applied, this method contributes to the correlative liaison between basic notions of the general theory of national security and applied theories which study theoretical and practical problems of national security in concrete areas of activity. That is why, the consideration of threats to national security in concrete spheres of life should be focused on regulatory threats as defined by the above Law and non-regulatory ones omitted therein.   Step 3: formulating a model of national security system in a specific area of activity. National security system is not identical to that of ensuring national security with the former being complementary and functional and playing a role of support element. Consequently, its modeling in a concrete area of activity should take into account:   the paradigm of national security in a definite sphere of NS;   objects, agents and subject of national security in a definite sphere of NS;   national interests in a certain area of national security to be correlated with the nation’s concept and national idea;   the general model of national security system in a definite sphere of NS;   the system of priority national interests in a particular area of activity;   the position and function of the system for ensuring national security in the general system of national security.   Step 4: modeling a system of ensuring national security in a certain area taking into account:   nature, purpose and operating objective of the system for ensuring national security in a specific area of activity;   components of the public security system and its competence;   components of the private security system and its competence;   public private partnership;   analysis of performance and accountability of agencies empowered to ensure national security of Ukraine;   system of control and supervision over the activity of agents that ensure national security.   For ease of comprehension, the system for ensuring national security derives from and operates according to the objectives of the national security system. Thus, the structure of ensuring the system depends on operating objectives of the national security system as well as threats and dangers.   Step 5: modeling key directions of state policy for national security in a particular area considering national interests set forth at Step 3 and national threats outlined at Step 2. Those directions should be obviously correlated with threats and dangers to national security and not the structure of ensuring systems analyzed at Step 4. Whether state policy is effective is determined by the result achieved in managing threats and dangers, i.e. by the level of national interests being realized. Logically, the fundamental criterion of state policy comprise national interest, threats and dangers to them rather than funds and resources of subjects which pursue national security. Still, resources play an important but not a decisive role if compared with threats. 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Abstract

The general theory of national security represents an essential element of intellectual cultures of the mankind and embraces extensive political and legal experience of prior generations reflecting main trends, milestones and outcomes of previous research into the problems of ensuring security of an individual, nation and state. This cognitive expertise, ideas and breakthroughs have now a tangible influence on the current concept of formation and operation of the national security system, its legal vision and development prospects. The extending experience and the increasing knowledge about national security contribute to the growing importance of national security studies – the general theory of national security. After analysing numerous research papers, the author suggests that, alternatively, the general theory of national security should be labeled as natiosecuritology from the Latin ‘natio’ – a tribe, people; and ‘logos’ – a science, study, movement. Preference is hereinafter given to the title “general theory of national security”.

UPD:

Гость в студии:

Николай Воробьев,

глава Иснтитута восточно-европейского партнерства

Гарвардского университета

Ведущий:

Липкан Владимир,

доктор юридических наук,

Глава Института будущего ГОСЛ

9 июня состоялось Ваше выступление в Украинском медиацентре на тему: «Міжнародна підтримка реформ в Україні: що насправді думає Захід». Поскольку у наших зрителей не было возможности побывать на этом мероприятии, было бы интересно вкратце услышать об основных тезисах доклада.

1. При просмотре американских каналов создается впечатление, что 90% эфирного времени отводится на внутренние события, пускай даже совсем незначительные, и остаток времени – на события международного масштаба. Чем можно объяснить такую концепцию медийных подходов? В чем оправдан такой «американоцентристский» подход?
2. Понятно, что население США далеко не однородно и по образовательному уровню, и по социальному статусу, и по сферам интересов. Как бы Вы определили с позиций аналитики, какому сегменту американского общества, кроме наших бывших соотечественников, интересно происходящее в Украине?
3. Наблюдается ли динамика в отношении к Украине Белого Дома? Чем можно объяснить встречу в Сочи Путина и Керри?
4. Новейшие социологические исследования Pew Research Center зафиксировали в ряде стран (США, Франция, Германия, Италия, Польша) своеобразную переориентацию в симпатиях в пользу России. Чем это можно объяснить?   Нужно ли Украине применять какие-либо контрмеры?

1. 01.06.15 в «Finansial Times» была опубликована статья бывшего директора отдела России в Национальном совете безопасности США Томаса Грэхема, которая носит двоякий характер. С одной стороны, Украина рассматривается как своеобразный водораздел между Западом и Востоком. С другой стороны, появляется утверждение, что без сближения с Россией будущее Украины весьма призрачно. Как это можно прокомментировать?
2. К вопросу о компетентности авторов «Finansial Times». Тони Барбер – один из ведущих экспертов по вопросам Украины – пишет, что бывал в Одессе в ноябре 1985 года. Тогда его очень впечатлил Привоз. На основании этого он позиционирует себя как знаток украинской действительности и экстраполирует некогда увиденное на сегодняшние события. Насколько приемлемы такие приемы в серьезной журналистике?
3.  10.06.2015 в издании «Vocal International» канадские аналитики в форме вопроса поставили проблему о том, что Украина – типичнейший Failed State. (ссылка: http://vocalinternational.com/?p=1620) Там даже приводится статистика, что население Украины сократилось с 42 до приблизительно 33,5 миллионов, хотя в нашей официальной статистике таких данных нет. Это подыгрывание российским идеям или действительное положение дел? Насколько в западных изданиях распространена точка зрения, что Украина – несостоявшееся государство? Чем это чревато для Украины?
4. Депутат Конгресса Джон Коньерс добился внесения поправок в Закон США о финансировании Украины, в частности батальона «Азов». По отношению к батальону был употреблен эпитет «омерзительный». Многие ли представители американской власти согласны с такой точкой зрения? Как подобные решения влияют на имидж Украины?
5. В своих предыдущих интервью Вы неоднократно подчеркивали, что Украине недостает активности в лоббировании интересов своего государства на международном уровне. В чем это проявляется и как можно было бы решить эту проблему?
6. Михаил Саакашвили сделал весьма неоднозначное для украинского общества заявление, сказав, что к показателям времен Януковича Украина вернется не раньше, чем через 20 лет. Вы разделяете эту точку зрения?
7. Журнал «The Economist» 08.06.2015, комментируя назначение Михаила Саакашвили, назвал решение Президента Украины «эксцентричным». Также была проведена параллель с бывшем королем Уганды Рональдом Мутеби, который, лишившись трона, переехал в Англию и продавал там стекло. Считаете ли Вы подобные высказывания и оценки корректными? Что вообще, на Ваш взгляд, допустимо или недопустимо в журналистике?
8. Известный американский блоггер Стивен Лендман из Чикаго охарактеризовал Украину как гангстерское государство. (ссылка: http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2015/05/30/ukraine-gangster-state) Это для нас весьма оскорбительно. Вопрос: насколько в Америке прислушиваются к блоггерам, влияют ли они на формирование общественного мнения?
9.  16 мая Вы опубликовали размышления по поводу увольнения Александра Боровика (выпускник Гарварда, немецкий юрист, приглашенный на работу в Министерство экономики Украины)  и критики по этому поводу Арсения Яценюка. Вы пишите достаточно жестко: «Наверное, у премьера и его визави не читают Западной литературы и даже не догадываются о модели управления демократическим государством. Если бы они хоть немного читали, то наверное бы до них дошло, что Западная модель полностью пропитана плюрализмом, или соревнованием двух, трех, четырех сил. Именно механизм “checks and bablances” и делает Демократии настолько сильными.». Арсений Яценюк создает впечатление достаточно образованного человека. Почему же тогда слова расходятся с делом, как Вы считаете?
10.  Последние дни ознаменовались рядом техногенных катастроф в столице Украины и ее пригородах. Как Вы полагаете, есть ли в этом какая-то закономерность? Нужна ли была в этих случаях международная помощь?
11.  Не так давно в издании «The National» (ссылка: http://www.thenation.com/article/209329/ukraine-crisis-heres-why-west-cant-save-it) появилась статья по проблеме, почему Запад не сможет спасти Украину от саморазрушения. Неужели все так драматично, как рассуждают авторы статьи?
12.  Украинский народ по своей природе является очень гостеприимным и дружелюбным. Как Вы думаете, есть ли какие-то перспективы развития народной демократии, непосредственного общения наших рядовых граждан с такими же гражданами западных стран на равных?

Administrative and legal regulation of the activity of non-governmental pension funds in Ukraine: [monograph] / A. Kaftia, V. Lipkan, N. Balaniuk / Edited by Dr. V. Lipkan. — К. : О. S. Lipkan, 2015. — 316 p.

ISBN 978-966-2439-50-2

The thesis work is devoted to the study of peculiarities of the administrative-legal guaranteeing the activity of non-governmental pension funds in Ukraine. The study highlights the concept of administrative and legal mechanism of non-state pension system. The peculiarities of formation of non-state pension funds and their legal essence are specified. The specific character of implementation of state control and supervision of functioning of non-state pension funds is discovered. On the basis of the analysis of the largest non-state pension funds activity іn Ukraine directions of development and improvement of the elements of the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of non-state pension system activity are singled out. The structure and current pension system state of Ukraine are analyzed, elaboration is presented, that is aimed at identifying ways of its gradual reorganization from a three-level into a two-level system with the subsequent advantage of individual savings accounts opened in the non-state pension funds.

INTRODUCTION

Carrying out of the pension reform in Ukraine foresees introduction of savings and not nationalized pension funds (hereinafter – NPF) simultaneously with the united system of the capitalized (funded) pension funds. In contrast to the Pension Fund of Ukraine, contributions to which are defined for the payment of the current pensions, revenues to the NPF are accumulated and invested.  Terms of its establishment and operation, supervision and control over activity, the impact of investing and therefore the volume of individual pension savings in the funds depend directly from the competent and balanced mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of the NPF activity.

A number of laws and regulations on the activity of the NPF, including the Law of Ukraine “On private provision of pension” and the Law of Ukraine “On measures of the legislative ensuring of the reform of the pension system” were recently adopted. However, the process of creation and development of the NPF in Ukraine is progressing rather slowly due to lack of experience and system research, works and implementation of effective regulatory and incentive measures that are very popular currently, but quite complicated. The urgency of development by the state of the reasonable policy on formation of the mechanisms of voluntary pension insurance, increasing of the state control and regulation of such funds is also caused by the negative results of the activity of the trusts and the NPF in the 90’s of last century, that is one of the essential factors of population distrust to any financial institutions.

At the same time the favorable economic environment for the development of the NPF in Ukraine is not formed. Main problems of establishment are associated with low level of macroeconomic stability of the state, unsatisfactory indicators of the effectiveness of activity of enterprises, the capitalization of financial market and incomes of population. Thus, the number of factors which stimulates the development of the NPF and more effective use of the inherent potential exist.

Scientific research of the preconditions of establishment of new system of the NPF, prospects for activation of activity, creation of more favorable conditions for the growth and capabilities of state and corporate regulation acquire relevance in connection with the defined by the Government strategy concerning the formation of the middle class in the state, as the dynamics of deposits of the population in the NPF direction depends on the strengthening of this social stratum.

Analysis of current scientific sources on topical issues of the problem allows concluding that they are at the beginning of the way. Therefore, research of these aspects has theoretical and practical importance.

The problems of social policy and reforming of the pension system and provision of pension are studied by domestic and foreign scholars. Theoretical and methodological bases of creation of not nationalized provision of pension are reflected in scientific works of famous domestic scholars, such as V. V. Basov, A. O. Bakhmach, V. M. Butuzov, Y. V. Vitka, L. K. Voronova, V. V. Gordienko, B. O. Zaychuk, M. V. Lazebna, E. M. Libanova, O. G. Morozov, A. A. Nechay, A. Z. Ostapovych, M. M. Papiev.

The problems of research of development and functioning of the NPF for the last 20 years were studied by foreign financiers: M. Winner, R. Vona, D. Snelbeker, E. Rolker and domestic scientists in the field of financial law and economic activity, scientists-lawyers: V. B . Averyanov, O. F. Andriyko, A. I. Berlach, Y. V. Vitka, I. P. Holosnichenko, N. M. Kovaleva, R. A. Kalyuzhnyy, M. P. Kucheryavenko, D. M. Lukyanets, A. A. Nechay, O. A Novikov, O. V. Mykhailov, V. I. Mudrakov, N. R. Nyzhnyk, M. B. Rippa, L. A. Savchenko, O. V. Soldatenko, A. Y. Tkach, V. O. Yatsenko.

In Ukraine functioning of the NPF within the state control and supervision for the first time was comprehensively studied in the work of I. O. Tkalich “Legal regulation of activity of private pension funds in the system of not nationalized provision of pension in Ukraine” (specialty 12.00.07 – administrative law and process, financial law, information law).

The effectiveness of reforming of the pension systems in the accumulation fund was studied by I. Y. Goryunov, A. E. Yefremov, T. V. Conoryeva, E. G. Krylov, V. I. Mudrakov, L. O. Setchenkova, I. I. Sokolov, and N. V. Orlov.

By carrying out an analysis of scientific sources, the authors concluded that the theoretical and practical aspects of the NPF activity still remain at the stage of development, so, usually, the majority of scientists focus their attention at the study of theoretical issues of terminology, the history of origin and establishment of private pension funds, assessing their advantages in comparison with the public pension systems. However, to the problems of the role and importance of administrative and legal influence on the process of formation and development of the NPF in the system of not nationalized provision of pension in the legal literature is paid insufficient attention. However, the state has the right to set “principles and rules” of the provision of pension.

Despite the presence of a significant amount of the scientific researches on various aspects of the NPF activity, comprehensive study of administrative and legal ensuring of these organizations activity is not done.

Therefore follows the actual problem of proper administrative and legal ensuring of the functioning of the NPF in Ukraine.

Aim of the work: at the basis of the achievements of legal science, synthesis of the enforcement activity, analysis of domestic and foreign legislation to carry out comprehensive analysis of the scientific and legal sources for defining of the essence of administrative and legal regulation of the NPF activity in the system of not nationalized provision of pension and on this basis to develop the proposals for improving of the system of the NPF activity and reform of the mechanism of administrative and legal impact on the NPF activity.

Achievement of this goal foresees solving of the following tasks:

-     to analyze the status of scientific developments of the problem in the aspects of administrative and legal ensuring, management and organization of the NPF activity;

-     to explore the historical experience of the NPF creation and legal methods ensuring of their activity in domestic and international practice, to analyze the development of the legal basis of not nationalized provision of pension in Ukraine;

-     to identify the elements of the mechanism of not nationalized provision of pension and to offer authors’ definition of the “mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of private pension funds”;

-     to prove the role of the state and non-government organizations in the regulation of the NPF activity (including analysis of the status, structure and functions of the public bodies that have an influence on the not nationalized provision of pension);

-     to provide the theoretical foundation of functional responsibilities of the bodies of the state supervision and control over the activity of the subjects of the system of the not nationalized provision of pension;

-     to analyze the occurrence of administrative and legal liability in the form of the system of sanctions that can be applied by the bodies of state supervision and control to the subjects of the NPF, thereby to formulate proposals concerning parts of the Law of Ukraine “On financial services and the state regulation of the markets of the financial services”;

-     to develop practical recommendations concerning direction of reforming of the national system of the not nationalized provision of pension, simultaneously  identifying major disadvantages that make the NPF financially unattractive;

-     to form conceptual approaches on improving of the effective mechanisms of the state regulation of the functioning and development of the system of not nationalized provision of pension in Ukraine.

Object of research – public relations arising in the sphere of the NPF activity in Ukraine.

Subject of the study – administrative and legal bases of functioning of the NPF in Ukraine.

The methodological basis of the study consists of the theoretical provisions and methods of scientific knowledge of interrelated and interdependent processes of the NPF development, identifying of their role in the system of administrative and legal relations.

Methodological basis of research includes following scientific methods: dialectical, historical and legal, comparative and legal, system-structural.

Thus, the dialectical method was used for analyze of the NPF as the object of administrative and legal impact. Additionally, by use of the dialectical method characteristic of the field of the not nationalized provision of pension and administrative and legal basis of the creation and operation of private pension funds in Ukraine was performed.

Historical and legal and comparative and legal methods made it possible to track the major trends in development of the NPF, including: the legal basis of the not nationalized provision of pension in Ukraine, the NPF in system of the not nationalized provision of pension of citizens, the concept and types of the NPF.

Methods of the scientific research – synthesis and system analysis were used to characterize the elements of the mechanism of the not nationalized provision of pension, organization of the state supervision and control over the activity of the NPF. Use of statistical method made ​​it possible to define the largest NPF of Ukraine.  Rating to the level of the NPF depositors’ protection was given by use of comparative and legal method.

In the work were also used some general scientific methods: with the help of logical-semantic method was developed and defined the content of the notions “mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of activity of the private pension funds”, “pension plan (scheme)”.

Empirical and regulation research is formed by the legislative and departmental regulations: Constitution of Ukraine, laws of Ukraine, acts of the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, central executive authorities, regulations of international importance; statistics on the activity of the NPF in Ukraine; expert assessment of the development and status of the market of services of the not nationalized provision of pension, domestic and foreign scientific literature, publications in the periodicals, materials of international and scientific conferences, reference literature, as well as expertise rating and data of the state statistics.

CONCLUSIONS

Summarizing note that in the monographic study the theoretical synthesis of research work is shown, and new scientifically grounded results that collectively solve specific scientific task on development and refining of the definitions, provisions and proposals which are aimed at the creation and implementation of the system of measures to improve administrative and legal ensuring of the functioning of the not nationalized provision of pension are achieved.

Research of the specificity of the administrative and legal regulation of the private pension funds’ activity in the system of not nationalized provision of pension in Ukraine helped to propose the new solution of the defined scientific problems and to make the following conclusions.

Carried out analysis of means of the state influence and stimulation of the system of the not nationalized provision of pension in different countries of the world gave an opportunity to understand the fact of adaptation of these state mechanisms of influence to certain environmental conditions, that is, as a rule, these measures are based on thorough legislation and properly structured. They include: first, the work  on development of the legislative base concerning ensuring of the functioning of the private pension funds, secondly, adjustment and regulation of the interconnected components of the mechanism of the system: the correlation of liabilities of the pension funds and assets, directions and financial abilities of the division of the  reserves, defining places for functioning of the mediators of the pension funds, licensing terms of the companies with asset management; administration of the NPF;  thirdly, establishment of the features of recognition of the NPF as a bankrupt and the mechanism of protection of participants and contributors of the pension funds with parallel implementation of the policy concerning rules of investment of the NPFs’ funds in financial instruments that would minimize risk and guarantee the incomes of such funds.

The study of world experience of the mechanisms of administrative and legal support of the NPF’s activity helps to define that obligation of participation in the funded pension system, most likely, is dictated by more stringent criteria of the state control in many countries. It is explained by the presence of similar features of the researched object, namely: underdevelopment of the stock market, corporate culture, competitive environment, which includes Ukraine.

Therefore, taking into account the inadequacy of the financial market of the state, due to the lack of appropriate financial instruments, lack of experience of the functioning of the accumulative pension fund, the NPF’s development in Ukraine requires improvement of the separate legal field of the functioning of the system of the not nationalized provision of pension with simultaneous construction of administrative and legal mechanisms of state support.

It was proved that one of the factors of the successful functioning of the NPF in the continental and Anglo-Saxon law is developed network of professional communities of actuaries and auditors. In our country the rights and obligations of independent bodies in the sphere of the not nationalized provision of pension, including: to specialized depository, auditor, actuary is paid a little attention on the legislative level. In connection with this it is proposed to extend the rights of the independent and supervisory authority on the legislative level, accordingly to amend part 5 of Section I of the Law “On the not nationalized provision of pension”, namely:

-     to change the name of art. 5 of Section I of the Law “On the not nationalized provision of pension” from “Audits in the not nationalized provision of pension” to “External control”;

-     to add to art. 5 of Section I of the Law “On the not nationalized provision of pension” p. 4 with the text: “Specialized Depository. Daily supervises fulfillment of the rules of funds’ placement of the pension reserves and requirements as to investing of the funds of the pension savings. About identified deficiencies specialized depositary is obliged to notify the National commission that carries out the state regulation in the sphere of the markets of financial services and the relevant management company of the fund. The depositary is the custodian of securities’ certificates and maintain records and transition of the rights on securities in which are disposed the funds of the pension reserves and the investment funds of pension savings”;

-     to add to art. 5 of Section I of the Law “On the not nationalized provision of pension” p. 5 with the text: “An independent actuary. Annual conclusion of the actuary consists of the results of the actuarial evaluation of the fund obligations before the depositors, participants and insured persons, as well as the results of the evaluation of actuarial value of the funds of the pension reserve and retirement savings”.

It was given author’s own narrow and expanded definition of “pension plan (scheme)”. In a narrow sense: Pension plan (scheme) – it is conditions and procedure of the not nationalized provision of pension of the participants established by the Charter and Rules of the NPF. In a wider sense: Pension plan (scheme) – it is the description, size, order and frequency of pension payments as well as the rights and obligations of the depositor of the fund and the procedure and terms of payment of pension contributions set for members of the private pension fund.

It is necessary to include the pension scheme to the additions to the statute of the NPF as an integral component, as the increasing of the number of participants is proportional to the number of pension schemes which are used in the activity of the NPF. It will grant an opportunity for wider choice of mechanism of payment of the pension contributions, taking into account the opportunities and investor’s needs.

The most suitable variant of participation of an employer and a contributor in the pension scheme for our country was found based on the theoretical and practical studies found – solidarity, when participation in the pension scheme will provide a common responsibility of the employer and employee in the part formation of future pensions of citizens.

For the first time the definition of “mechanism of administrative and legal regulation activity of not nationalized provision of pension” was provided “Mechanism of administrative and legal regulation activity of not nationalized provision of pension” – it is a coherent complex of administrative and legal measures which are aimed at regulation of relations in the sphere of not nationalized provision of pension and protection and satisfaction of the interests of natural persons and legal entities-depositors by the subjects of the public administration – the legislative body (the Verchovna Rada of Ukraine), the state bodies of control and supervision.

It was found out that the system of measures on improvement of the administrative and legal ensuring of relations in the sphere of not nationalized provision of pension should be complex and to include not only legal measures, but also measures of economic, informational, organizational direction.

In order to strengthen the counteraction of the formation of new factors which precede the emergence of illegal relations in the sphere of not nationalized provision of pension the current administrative-legal regime of management and regulation of activity in the not nationalized provision of pension should be reviewed – so to introduce gradual modernization of the model and functions of the state regulators to avoid overlapping of the functions of various state bodies with further formation of an effective system of the state and corporate control over the NPF.

With the aim to correct this situation  it was proposed to create the specially authorized supervisory body – The Inspection of the NPF with simultaneous accountable inspections of the territorial subdivisions without getting of the status of a legal entity and implementation of the obligation to make regular (scheduled) field checks (such as routine tax inspections). To provide functional responsibilities of the established body by p. 12 art. 20, of Law “On not nationalized provision of pension”.

In order to identify trends of positive experience and deterrent negative factors in the NPFs’ activity it is appropriate to use the positive international experience and to create the Expert Council under the Inspection of the NPF at the state level, so legislatively stipulate establishment of this body, which has to be obliged to take a part in development, reviewing of preliminary drafts of legislative, regulatory and guidance documents on private pensions of the not nationalized provision of pension in order to ensure qualified training, taking into account the views the National commission, that carries out the state regulation in the sphere of the markets of financial services, the National securities and stock market commission. The rights and duties of the newly formed body should be provided by p. 13 art. 20 of the Law “On not nationalized provision of pension”.

State control and supervision in the sphere of the not nationalized provision of pension is aimed at protection of the interests of depositors, and thus creation of a transparent financial system. The attention is paid to expansion of powers of the National commission that carries out the state regulation in the sphere of the markets of financial services to impose sanctions on the PPF, AMC, administrators, and custodian banks – offenders of legislation in the sphere of not nationalized provision of pension. In this connection it was proposed to make amendments to part. 1, Art. 40 of the Law “On financial services and state regulation of markets financial services”; to specify the legislative norm in the part of incurring of the administrative and legal sanctions by an official in the sphere of not nationalized provision of pension, namely to complement p. 1, art. 40 of the Law “On financial services and state regulation of markets financial services” by the subparagraph 10 on the application of the administrative sanctions for officials in the sphere of not nationalized provision of pension with next text: “National commission that carries out the state regulation in the sphere of the markets of financial services has the right to issue a decree for the NPF on dismissal of the person in the acts of which the offense is not established, but is a violation of law, dismiss or deny the use the right to vote in solving any corporate, financial issues of the institution for up to 365 days”.

Were offer to expand the rights of potential participants of the not nationalized provision of pension in the sphere of rising of the level of awareness about the mechanism of functioning of the NPF and access to personal information which is stored in the system at legislative level. It was proposed to make amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On not nationalized provision of pension” concerning providing of information to the participant of the fund and to foresee free of charge providing of actuarial data in the form of statements from an individual retirement account. It is necessary to oblige the administrator to expand the scope of reporting information in accordance with the legislation. To review the possibility to publish information on the decision of the founders in the official publication of the list of issues identified National commission that carries out the state regulation in the sphere of the markets of financial services.

BRIEF CONTENTS

BRIEF CONTENTS

PREFACE

ACRONYMS

INTRODUCTION

PART 1. NOT NATIONALIZED PENSION FUNDS AS THE OBJECT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL INFLUENCE

1.1 Legal basis of the not nationalized provision of pension  in Ukraine

1.2 Private pension funds in the system of not nationalized provision of pension of citizens

1.3 Notion and kinds of the private pension funds.

PART 2. THE MECHANIZM OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF ACTIVITY OF THE PRIVATE PENSION FUNDS.

2.1 Notion and structure of the mechanism of the administrative and legal regulation of activity of the private pension funds.

2.2 Administrative and legal basis of the creation and functioning of the private pension funds.

2.3 Supervision and control in the sphere of activity of the private pension funds.

PART 3. IMPROVEMENT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE PRIVATE PENSION FUNDS. 

3.1 Directions of the reform of the national system of the system of the not state provision of pension.

3.2 Directions of improvement of the administrative and legal ensuring of the functioning of private pension funds in Ukraine.

CONCLUSIONS.

ADDITIONS.

USED LITERATURE

THESAURUS

USEFUL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON RESEARCH

WORDS OF GRATITUDE

CONTENTS

BRIEF CONTENTS

СONTENTS

PREFACE

ACRONYMS

INTRODUCTION

PART 1. NOT NATIONALIZED PENSION FUNDS AS THE OBJECT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL INFLUENCE

1.1 Legal basis of the not nationalized provision of pension  in Ukraine

Provision of pension as the object of administrative and legal regulation.

History of the legal regulation of the activity on not nationalized provision of pension

Current status of legal regulation of activity on not nationalized provision of pension.

Foreign experience of the functioning of the provision of pension

1.2 Private pension funds in the system of not nationalized provision of pension of citizens

Peculiarities of activity of the private pension funds.

Subjects of the private pension funds.

The scheme of the private pension funds functioning.

Limitation of the invest activity with the pension actives.

Kinds of the pension schemes.

1.3 Notion and kinds of the private pension funds.

Historical approaches to forming of the pension system in Ukraine.

Models of the private pension systems.

Kinds of the private pension funds in Ukraine.

Models of the additional provision of pension.

PART 2. THE MECHANIZM OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF ACTIVITY OF THE PRIVATE PENSION FUNDS.

2.1 Notion and structure of the mechanism of the administrative and legal regulation of activity of the private pension funds.

Notion of the mechanism of the administrative and legal regulation of activity of the private pension funds.

Composition of the mechanism of the legal ensuring of the activity of the private state funds.

Legitimatization of the activity of the private pension funds in the mechanism of the administrative and legal regulation.

State supervision and control in the sphere of not state provision of pension.

2.2 Administrative and legal basis of the creation and functioning of the private pension funds.

Organizational and legal forms of the private pension funds.

State registration of the private pension funds.

Registration of the private pension funds by the National commission that carries out the state regulation in the sphere of the markets of financial services.

Licensing of the activity of the private pension funds.

2.3 Supervision and control in the sphere of activity of the private pension funds.

Notion of the supervision and control in the sphere of activity of the private pension funds.

System of the state supervision and control over the private pension funds.

Control and supervision authorities of the National commission, that carries out the state regulation in the sphere of the markets of financial services.

Control and supervision authorities of the National securities and stock market commission.

Control and supervision authorities of the national bank of Ukraine.

Control and supervision authorities of the Anti-monopoly Committee of Ukraine.

PART 3. IMPROVEMENT OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE PRIVATE PENSION FUNDS. 

3.1 Directions of the reform of the national system of the system of the not state provision of pension.

Long-term of the pension investments.

Improvement of the tax legislation concerning the operations with the pension actives.

Extension of the trust to the private pension funds.

Contradiction to the shade pension schemes.

3.2 Directions of improvement of the administrative and legal ensuring of the functioning of private pension funds in Ukraine.

Improvement of the control and supervision activity over the private pension funds.

Improvement of the legal status of the private pension funds in the sphere of corporative management.

Widening of the rights of potential participants of the not state provision of pension in the sphere of extension of the level of the erudition in the mechanism of private pension funds functioning.

CONCLUSIONS.

ADDITIONS.

USED LITERATURE

THESAURUS

USEFUL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON RESEARCH

Useful bibliography on the topic.

Administrative and legal regulation.

The provision of pension.

The not state provision of pension.

WORDS OF GRATITUDE

Education

Relevant Coursework

Skills

• Fluent in Ukrainian and Russian.  Proficient in English.  Experienced in German and Spanish
• Excellent oral and written communication and interpersonal skills
• Ability to work creatively and analytically under pressure
• Proficient in Windows, MS Office applications and many more

Work experience, including previous positions and titles.

Short list of relevant publications:

The author of more than 220 scientific papers, 6 monographs and 20 textbooks in particular:

1. 1.            Lipkan V. Terrorism and National Security of Ukraine. K.: Znannya, 2000.– 184 p. Ліпкан В. Тероризм і національна безпека України. — К.: Знання, 2000. — 184 с. (10,36 д.а.).
2. 2.            Lipkan V.A. et al The Fight Against Terrorism. – K.: Znannya, 2002. – 254 p.    Ліпкан В.А. та ін. Боротьба з тероризмом. — К.: Знання, 2002. — 254 с. (20,8 д.а.).
3. 3.            Lipkan V.A. National Security of Ukraine: Regulatory and Legal Aspects.– K.: Text, 2003. –180 p. Ліпкан В.А. Національна безпека України: нормативно-правові аспекти     забезпечення. — К.: Текст, 2003. — 180 с. (10,46 д.а.).
4. 4.            Lipkan V.A. Theoretical Foundations and Elements of National Security of Ukraine: Monograph. – K.: Text, 2003. – 600 p. Ліпкан В.А. Теоретичні основи та елементи національної безпеки України:    Монографія. — К.: Текст, 2003. — 600 с. (47,02 д.а.).
5. 5.            Lipkan V.A. Theoretical and Methodological Basis of Management in the Sphere of National Security of Ukraine: Monograph. – K.: Text, 2003. –350 p. Ліпкан В.А. Теоретико-методологічні засади управління у сфері національної    безпеки України: Монографія. — К.: Текст, 2005. — 350 с. (20,46 д.а.).
6. 6.            Lipkan V.A. Administrative and Legal Regulation of National Security of Ukraine: Monograph. – K.: Text, 2003. – 440 p. Ліпкан В.А. Адміністративно-правове регулювання національної безпеки України:  Монографія. — К.: Текст, 2008. — 440 с. (25.58 д.а.)
7. 7.            Lipkan V.A. Security Studies: Textbook. – K.: European University Publishers, 2003. – 208 p Ліпкан В.А. Безпекознавство: Навчальний посібник. — К.: Вид-во Європ. ун-ту, 2003. — 208 с. (10,98 д.а.).
8. 8.             Lipkan V.A., Kondratyev P.Y. The fight with terrorism: theoretical and legal aspects of foreign experience. – K.: National Academy of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, 2003. – 20 p. Ліпкан В.А., Кондратьєв П.Я. Боротьба з тероризмом: теоретико-правові аспекти зарубіжного досвіду. — К.: Національна академія внутрішніх справ України, 2003. — 20 с.
9. 9.             Kondratyev P.Y., Lipkan V.A. The conception of national security of Ukraine: K.: Tekst, 2003. –180 p. Кондратьєв Я.Ю., Ліпкан В.А. Концепція національної безпеки України: теоретико-правові аспекти зарубіжного досвіду. — К.: Національна академія внутрішніх справ України, 2003. — 20 с.
10. 10.          Kharchenko L.S., Lipkan V.A., Loginov O.V. Informational security of Ukraine: Glossary. – K.: Tekst, 2004. – 136 p. Харченко Л.С., Ліпкан В.А., Логінов О.В. Інформаційна безпека України: Глосарій. — К.: Текст, 2004. — 136 с. (7,9 д.а.)
11. 11.          Lipkan V.A., Lipkan O.S., Yakovenko O.O. National and international security in definitions and notions. – K.: Tekst, 2006. – 256 p. Ліпкан В.А., Ліпкан О.С., Яковенко О.О. Національна і міжнародна безпека у визначеннях та поняттях. — К.: Текст, 2006. — 256 с. (12,32 д.а.)
12. 12.          Lipkan V.A. National security and national interests of Ukraine. – K.: KHT, 2006. – 68 p. (Series: National and international security) Ліпкан В.А. Національна безпека і національні інтереси України. — К.: КНТ, 2006. — 68 с. (Серія: Національна і міжнародна безпека)
13. 13.          Pavlenko B.V., Lipkan V.A., Tarasyuk M.O. Driving vehicles under extreme conditions: Manual. – K.: KHT. 2006. – 96 p. (Series: National and international security)

Павленко Б.В., Ліпкан В.А., Тарасюк М.О. Керування транспортними засобами в екстремальних умовах: Навчально-наочний посібник. — К.: КНТ, 2006. — 96 с. (Серія: Національна і міжнародна безпека)

1. 14.          Lipkan V.A. Management of the system of national security of Ukraine. – K.: KHT, 2006. – 68 p. (Series: National and international security) Ліпкан В.А. Управління системою національної безпеки України. — К.: КНТ, 2006. — 68 с. (Серія: Національна і міжнародна безпека)
2. 15.          Lipkan V.A. The Basics of terrology (synergetical theory of terrorism). – K.:KHT, 2006. – 84 p. (Series: National and international security) Ліпкан В.А. Основи терорології (синергетична теорія тероризму). — К.: КНТ, 2006. — 84 с. (Серія: Національна і міжнародна безпека)
3. 16.          Lipkan V.A., Maksymenko Yu. Ye., Zhelikhovsky V.M. Informational security of Ukraine under the conditions of Eurointegration: Textbook. – K.: KHT, 2006. – 280 p. (Series: National and international security) Ліпкан В.А., Максименко Ю.Є., В.М.Желіховський Інформаційна безпека України в умовах євроінтеграції: Навчальний посібник. — К.: КНТ, 2006. — 280 с. (Серія: Національна і міжнародна безпека)
4. 17.          Lipkan V.A. Struggle against international terrorism: Normative basis. – K.: KHT, 2007. – 248 p. (Series: National and international security) Ліпкан В.А. Боротьба з міжнародним тероризмом: Нормативна база. — К.: КНТ, 2007. — 248 с. (Серія: Національна і міжнародна безпека)
5. 18.          Theory of management in internal bodies: Textbook /Ed. V.A. Lipkan. – K.: KHT, 2007. – 884 p.  Теорія управління в органах внутрішніх справ: Навчальний посібник / За ред. В.А.Ліпкана. — К.: КНТ, 2007. — 884 с.
6. 19.           Lipkan V.A., Diorditsa I.V. National security of Ukraine: criminal and legal protection: Textbook. – K.: KHT, 2007. – 292 p.(Series: National and international security) Ліпкан В.А., Діордіца І.В. Національна безпека України: кримінально-правова охорона: Навчальний посібник. — К.: КНТ, 2007. — 292 с. (Серія: Національна і міжнародна безпека).
7. 20.           Lipkan V.A. National security of Ukraine: Textbook. – K.: Kondor, 2008. – 552 p. Ліпкан В.А. Національна безпека України: Навчальний посібник. — К.: Кондор, 2008. — 552 с. (40 д.а.)
8. 21.           Lipkan V.A., Lipkan O.S. National and international security in definitions and notions. 2^nd ed. completed and revised. – K.: Tekst, 2008. – 400 p. Ліпкан В.А., Ліпкан О.С. Національна і міжнародна безпека у визначеннях та поняттях. Вид. 2- доп. і перероб.— К.: Текст, 2008. — 400 с. (21, 76 д.а.)
9. 22.          Scientific and practical commentary of Law of Ukraine “On Fighting with Terrorism”/ V.A. Lipkan, O.A. Ivakhnenko, I.M.Ryzhov, V.V. Mayorov. – K.: KHT, 2009. – 208 p.  (Series: National and international security)  Науково-практичний коментар до Закону України „Про боротьбу з тероризмом” / В.А.Ліпкан, О.А.Івахненко, І.М.Рижов, В.В.Майоров. — К. : КНТ, 2009. — 208 с. — (Серія: національна і міжнародна безпека).
10. 23.          Lipkan V.A. Theory of national security: [textbook]. – K. KHT, 2009. – 631 p  Ліпкан В.А. Теорія національної безпеки : [підручник]. — К.: КНТ, 2009. — 631 с.
11. 24.          Lipkan V.A. National security of Ukraine: [textbook]. / V.A.Lipkan [2^nd ed.]. – K.: KHT, 2009. – 576 p Ліпкан В.А. Національна безпека України : [навчальний посібник] / В. А. Ліпкан. [2-е вид.]. — К. : КНТ, 2009. — 576 с..
12. 25.           International Law [textbook] / [V.A. Lipkan, V.F. Antypenko, S.O. Akulov et al.]; ed. V.A.Lipkan. –K.: KHT, 2009. – 752 p. Міжнародне право : [підручник] / [В. А. Ліпкан, В. Ф. Антипенко, С. О. Акулов та ін.] ; за ред. В. А. Ліпкана. — К. : КНТ, 2009. — 752 с.
13. 26.           Lipkan V.A. Fighting with terrorism: in definitions and notions / V.A. Lipkan. – K.: Mahistr –XXI stolittya, 2009. –162 p. Ліпкан В.А. Боротьба з тероризмом : у визначеннях та поняттях / В. А. Ліпкан. — К. : Магістр – ХХІ століття, 2009. — 162 с.

Short list of relevant conferences with direct participating:

The results of the scientific research of the author were highlighted at the following international conferences:

1. 1.            International Antiterrorism Forum “Forming Tolerance-minded Society”. — Bratislava (Slovakia), Nov. 18, 2010.
2. 2.            International Conference “The problems of national and international security”. — Kyiv, 2009.
3. 3.            2^nd International scientific and practical conference “Problems of European integration and trans-frontier cooperation”: Luts’k, September 29-30, 2005.
4. 4.            International scientific and practical workshop “Criminalistic foundations of the struggle against terrorism” – Kyiv, USA Embassy, September 1-5, 2003.
5. 5.            International Aspects of fighting against political extremism and terrorism. — Munster, Germany, 8—10 October 2003.
6. 6.            Regional Conference on Investigating and Prosecuting transnational Organized Crime — ILEA, Budapest, Hungary, June 17 – 21, 2002.
7. 7.            International scientific workshop “Europe on the threshold to the Union of internal security. Boundless freedom and security without boundaries. Schengen, Europol and expansion” – Gimborn, Germany, November 18-22, 2002.

Active Professional Memberships:

Academic of the Academy of High Education of Ukraine (http://www.anvou.org.ua/), Academic of International Personnel Academy  (http://www.mka.org.ua/member/179.html), Presidents advisor of The Academy of Open Society Security (www.aoss.org.ua), Expert of Expert Council of “International Anti-Terrorist Unity” (www.antiterunity.org) social organization, a member of Expert Commission at the Board of Ukrainian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs on corporative security (www.uspp.org.ua).

Within the period of 2005 – 2006 worked as an aide and counselor of People’s Deputy of Ukraine, Committee on National Security and Defense of the Verhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine. Prepare a following project of laws: „About Fighting Terrorism”, „About security services of enterprises ”, „About nonstate ensuring of national security of Ukraine”, „About guard activity”, „About detective activity”, „About nonstate ensuring of national security and enterprise activity in Ukraine”, „Doctrine of nonstate ensuring of national security of Ukraine” – all of this was published.

ZIEL/BERUFSINTERESSENBEREICH:                   Erhalten eines Postdoktorgradstipendiums f?r die Untersuchungen im Fachbereich internationaler Beziehungen sowie in den Fachbereichen Sicherheit, strategische Forschung und globale F?hrungsrolle

http://natsecurity.com.ua/autobiography/

BERUFLICHER WERDEGANG:

STUDIUM

F?HIGKEITEN UND KOMPETENZEN

Sprachen

Englisch

Deutsch

Soziale Kompetenz:                   Ausgezeichnete m?ndliche und schriftliche Kommunikation

Organisationskompetenz:          Kreatives und analytisches Arbeiten auch in Stresssituationen

EDV-Kenntnisse:                       MS Windows, MS-Office, u.a.

ZUS?TZLICHE INFORMATION:

Pers?nliche Vorbereitung der Entw?rfe der folgenden Gesetze:

•          ?ber die Kriminalaufkl?rung;

•          ?ber das Gremium f?r die staatliche ?berwachung im Bereich der nationalen Sicherheit der Ukraine;

•          ?ber den Sicherheitsdienst f?r die Unternehmen;

•          Die Lehre ?ber die nichtstaatliche Gew?hrleistung der nationalen Sicherheit der Ukraine;

und

•          Die staatliche antiterroristische Strategie der Ukraine.

Mitglied der Arbeitsgruppen bei die Vorbereitung der folgenden Gesetze bzw. Vorschriften:

•          Gesetz der Ukraine “?ber die Grundlagen der nationalen Sicherheit der Ukraine”;

•          Die Strategie der nationalen Sicherheit der Ukraine;

•          Informationssicherheitsdoktrin der Ukraine;

•          Gesetz der Ukraine “?ber die Bek?mpfung des Terrorismus”;

•          Gesetz der Ukraine “?ber die nationale Informationspolitik”;

und

•          Gesetz der Ukraine “?ber die vereinigten Antiterrorkr?fte”

BEILAGEN:

Der Gr?nder der Zeitschrift “Imperative der Zivilisationsentwicklung”.

Der Autor von mehr als 220 gedruckten wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten, inklusive 12 monographischen Untersuchungen (in der deutschen ?bersetzung aus dem Ukrainischen angegeben):

1.         Lipkan W.A. Terrorismus und die nationale Sicherheit der Ukraine : [Monographie] / Wladimir Lipkan. — К. : Wissenschaft, 2000. — 184 Seiten. (10,36 д.а.).

2.         Lipkan W.A. Terrorismusbek?mpfung : [Monographie] / W.A. Lipkan, D.J. Nikifortschuk, M.M. Rudenko. — К. : Wissenschaft, 2002. — 254 Seiten. (20,8 д.а.).

3.         Lipkan W.A. Die nationale Sicherheit der Ukraine : Normative und rechtliche Aspekte der Gew?hrleistung : [Monographie] / Wladimir Anatolijowitsch Lipkan. — К. : Text, 2003. — 180 Seiten. (10,46 д.а.).

4.         Lipkan W.A. Die theoretischen Grundlagen und Elemente der nationalen Sicherheit der Ukraine : [Monographie] / Wladimir Anatolijowitsch Lipkan. — К. : Text, 2003. — 600 Seiten. (47,02 д.а.).

5.         Lipkan W.A. Die theoretisch-methodischen Grundlagen des Managements im Bereich der nationalen Sicherheit der Ukraine : [Monographie] / Wladimir Anatolijowitsch Lipkan. — К. : Text, 2005. — 350 Seiten. (20,46 д.а.).

6.         Lipkan W.A. Die verwaltungsrechtliche Regulierung der nationalen Sicherheit der Ukraine: [Monographie] / Wladimir Anatolijowitsch Lipkan. — К. : Text, 2008. — 440 Seiten. (25.58 д.а.)

7.         Lipkan W.A. Die Systematisierung der Informationsgesetzgebung der Ukraine : [Monographie] /  W.А. Lipkan, W.A. Salisniak / herausgegeben von W.A. Lipkan. — К. : Privatunternehmer О.S. Lipkan, 2012. — 304 Seiten.

8.         Lipkan W.A. Die rechtlichen und organisatorischen Grundlagen der Interaktion bei der Menschenhandelbek?mpfung: [Monographie] / W.A. Lipkan, O.W. Kuschnir; herausgegeben von W.A. Lipkan. — К. : Privatunternehmer О.S. Lipkan, 2013. — 376 Seiten.

9.         Lipkan W.A. Die verwaltungsrechtliche Regelung der Information mit beschr?nktem Zugriff: [Monographie] /  W.A. Lipkan, W.Ju. Baskakow / herausgegeben von W.A. Lipkan. — К. : Privatunternehmer О.S. Lipkan, 2013. — 344 Seiten.

10.      Lipkan W.A. Die verwaltungsrechtliche Haftung im Falle der Verletzung der Vorschriften f?r staatliches Einkaufen von Waren, Arbeiten und Dienstleistungen : [Monographie] /  W.A. Lipkan, M.Ju. Dowgan / herausgegeben von W.A. Lipkan. — К. : Privatunternehmer О.S. Lipkan, 2013. — 304 Seiten.

11.      Lipkan W.A. Die Konsolidierung der Informationsgesetzgebung der Ukraine : [Monographie] /  W.A. Lipkan, M.I. Dimtschoglo / herausgegeben von W.A. Lipkan. — К. : Privatunternehmer О.S. Lipkan, 2014. — 416 Seiten.

12.      Lipkan W.A. Die Inkorporation der Informationsgesetzgebung der Ukraine : [Monographie] /  W.A. Lipkan, K.P. Tscherepowski / herausgegeben von W.A. Lipkan. — К. : Privatunternehmer О.S. Lipkan, 2014. — 408 Seiten.

Autor der folgenden 20 Lehrb?cher:

1.         Lipkan W.A. Sicherheitslehre: Lehrbuch. — К.: Verlag der Europ?ischen Universit?t, 2003. — 208 Seiten.

2.         Lipkan W.A., Kondratjew P.Ja. Terrorismusbek?mpfung: Die rechtstheoretischen Aspekte der ausl?ndischen Erfahrung — К.: Nationalakademie f?r innere Angelegenheiten der Ukraine, 2003. — 20 Seiten.

3.         Kondratjew Ja.Ju., Lipkan W.A. Die Konzeption der Nationalsicherheit der Ukraine: Die rechtstheoretischen  Aspekte der ausl?ndischen Erfahrung. — К.: Nationalakademie f?r innere Angelegenheiten der Ukraine, 2003. — 20 Seiten.

4.         Lipkan W.A.,  Chartschenko L.S., Loginow O.W. Die Informationssicherheit der Ukraine: Glossar. — К.: Text, 2004. — 136 Seiten.

5.         Lipkan W.A., Lipkan O.S., Jakowenko O.A. Nationale und internationale Sicherheit: Begriffe und Definitionen. — К.: Text, 2006. — 256 Seiten.

6.         Lipkan W.A. Die nationale Sicherheit und die nationalen Interessen der Ukraine. — К.: KNT, 2006. — 68 Seiten. (Reihe: Nationale und internationale Sicherheit).

7.         Pawlenko B.W., Lipkan W.A., Tarasiuk M.O. Fahrzeuglenkung unter Extrembedingugngen. — К.: KNT, 2006. — 96 Seiten. (Reihe: Nationale und internationale Sicherheit).

8.         Lipkan W.A. Die Verwaltung des Nationalsicherheitssystems der Ukraine. — К.: KNT, 2006. — 68 Seiten. (Reihe: Nationale und internationale Sicherheit).

9.         Lipkan W.A. Die Grundlagen der Terrorologie (Die synergetische Theorie des Terrorismus). — К.: KNT, 2006. — 84 Seiten. (Reihe: Nationale und internationale Sicherheit).

10.      Lipkan W.A., Maksimenko Ju.Je., Shelichowski W.M. Die Informationssicherheit der Ukraine unter den Bedingungen der europ?ischen Integration  — К.: KNT, 2006. — 280 Seiten. (Reihe: Nationale und internationale Sicherheit).

11.      Lipkan W.A. Bek?mpfung des internationalen Terrorismus: Die Normativbasis. — К.: KNT, 2007. — 248 Seiten. (Reihe: Nationale und internationale Sicherheit).

12.      Die Theorie des Managements in den Rechtsschutzorganen: Lehrbuch / herausgegeben von W.A.Lipkan. — К.: KNT, 2007. — 884 Seiten.

13.      Lipkan W.A., Diordiza I.W. Die nationale Sicherheit der Ukraine: Die strafrechtliche Sicherung: Lehrbuch. — К.: KNT, 2007. — 292 Seiten. (Reihe: Nationale und internationale Sicherheit).

14.      Lipkan W.A. Die Nationalsicherheit der Ukraine: Lehrbuch. — К.: Kondor, 2008. — 552 Seiten.

15.      Lipkan W.A., Lipkan O.S. Nationale und internationale Sicherheit: Begriffe und Definitionen. 2. ?berarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, — К.: Text, 2008. — 400 Seiten.

16.      Die wissenschaftspraktische Erl?uterung zum Ukrainischen Gesetz „?ber die Bek?mpfung des Terrorismus” / W.A. Lipkan, O.A. Iwachnenko, I.M. Rishow, W.W. Majorow. — К. : KNT, 2009. — 208 Seiten. — (Reihe: Nationale und internationale Sicherheit).

17.      Lipkan W.A. Nationalsicherheitstheorie : [Lehrbuch]. — К.: KNT, 2009. — 631 Seiten.

18.      Lipkan W.A. Die Nationalsicherheit der Ukraine : [Lehrbuch] / W.A. Lipkan. [2. Auflage]. — К. : KNT, 2009. — 576 Seiten.

19.      Internationales Recht : [Lehrbuch] / [W.A. Lipkan, W.F. Antipenko, S.O. Akulow und andere]; herausgegeben von W.A. Lipkan. — К. : KNT, 2009. — 752 Seiten.

20.      Lipkan W.A. Terrorismusbek?mpfung: Begriffe und Definitionen / W.A. Lipkan. — К. : Magister – ХХІ Jahrhundert, 2009. — 162 Seiten.

Ліпкан Володимир Анатолійович,

Голова наглядової ради ГОАЛ

доктор юридичних наук, доцент

Кушнір Ольга Василівна,

радник президента ГОАЛ

кандидат юридичних наук

Статтю присвячено теоретико-правовим характеристикам актів «smart law», визначенню їх місця в системі міжнародного права та ролі в сучасному правовому просторі. Автори підкреслюють важливість активізації досліджень «smart law» в Україні та ефективної участі нашої держави в його розвитку.

Ключові слова: міжнародне право, джерела  права, правова глобалізація, геоправовий простір , «smart law», «soft law»,«hard law».

Статья посвящена теоретико-правовым характеристикам актов «smart law», определению их места в системе международного права и роли в современном правовом пространстве. Авторы подчеркивают необходимость активизации исследований «smart law» в Украине и эффективного участия нашего государства в его развитии.

Ключевые слова: международное право, источники права, «smart law», «soft law», «hard law»,.

Authors represent their own vision about the theoretical & legal characteristics of «smart law». Place of «smart law» in international law and the role in modern legal space is defined. Authors emphasize need to enhance research «soft law» in Ukraine and the effective participation our country in it.

Key words: international law, sources of law, law globalization, geolaw space, «soft law», «hard law».

Постановка проблеми

Трансформація геополітичної та геоінформаційної конфігурації світу спричинила епохальні зміни в застосуванні керованих алгоритмів впливу на соціальні системи. Нині ми стали свідками формування нового світоустрою, який є наслідком невпинної і почасти некерованої ходи інформаційної цивілізації, а також деструктивної трансформації інформаційного суспільства та транзитивних економік регіонів, котрі фактично перетворюють сучасний олігархат і транснаціональні корпорації на більш ефективні механізми управління, ніж державні інституції.

Терористичний акт в Бостоні 22 квітня 2013 року, фінансова криза на Кіпрі, прогнозовані вибори в Німеччині, на яких більшість набрала Ангела Меркель, гра мускулами на корейському півострові, де КНДР постійно проголошує можливість застосування ядерної зброї, ескалація напруги між Китаєм та В’єтнамом, а також Китаєм та Росією, війна між Україною та Росією, Ізраїлем та Палестиною, внутрішні конфлікти в Афганістані, Сирії та Іраку, активна підготовка до війни з Іраном, референдуми щодо виходу зі складу Великої Британії у Шотландії, Каталонії у Іспанії, а також зміна голови греко-католицької церкви – усе це ланки одного ланцюгу – застосування розумної сили до формування нового світоустрою.

У даному аспекті формування наднаціональних структур виглядає «природною» відповіддю на «глобальні» виклики сучасності, з якими не в змозі упоратися конкретний уряд певної держави, а часткова десуверенізація країн вже не розглядається як щось теоретично неможливе і не природне, на кшталт «частково вагітний», «частково мертвий» тощо. Така спотворена метаморфоза свідомості стала наслідком вдалих маніпуляцій свідомістю, відсутністю сформованої кіберкультури та кіберсвідомості сучасного кіберсоціуму, поєднаного зі значним відривом країн великої сімки не лише в фінансовому, а й головне ? в інформаційному розвитку. Це, врешті-решт, і визначає сучасну правову панораму світу, закладає фундамент для розуміння коріння формування підвалин  нового геоправового простору, який має замінити неефективне міжнародне та європейське право і бути побудованим за критерієм відповідності розвитку та прогнозним значенням якісних змін у суспільних відносинах, віддзеркалюючи сучасні тенденції щодо правової глобалізції. І у даному аспекті адекватною парадигмальною відповіддю мало б стати вироблення методологічного інструментарію даного виду глобалізації. Одним із суттєвих засобів осягнення сучасних процесів формування неоправових систем виступає розумне право.

Концепція інформаційного суспільства передбачає зменшення впливу фізичної сили і збільшення впливу розумної сили – smart power, концепцією, яку теоретично обґрунтував колишній помічник міністра оборони адміністрації Клінтона Джозеф Най (Joseph Nye) і  Честер Крокер (Chester A. Crocker). Відтак адекватним механізмом реалізації даної розумної сили має стати smart law – концепція «розумного права», як квінтесенція сполучення «м?якого» та «твердого права» відповідно до сучасних реалій.

Отже  в епоху застосування розумної сили («smart power») актуалізується значення й теоретичне обґрунтування розроблення нової концепції права – «smart law» як адекватного регулятора нових суспільних відносин в транзитивних суспільствах, де основним суб’єктом управління виступають транснаціональні корпорації. «Smart law»  за таких умов має виступати дороговказом формування правового регулювання найбільш актуальних суспільних відносин, зокрема геоекономічних та інформаційних. Адже, здебільшого, врегулювання тих чи інших відносин на міждержавному рівні є ефективнішим через досягнення домовленостей, аніж через ухвалення міжнародної конвенції з подальшою необхідністю імплементації її положень до внутрішнього законодавства або отримання згоди на її обов’язковість законодавчим органом. Так, наприклад, Комітет у закордонних справах Сенату США 18 вересня 2014 р. розглядав питання надання Україні статусу союзника США без членства в Організації Північноатлантичного договору.

У даному сенсі «smart law» певним чином заповнює прогалини, усуває передумови формування загроз правовій безпеці, органічно доповнює механізм правового регулювання, надаючи юридично субсидіарний механізм такого регулювання, що має власні особливості вираження і конкретне призначення [1, с. 287 ? 288].

На наш погляд, у рамках української правничої науки постає низка актуальних наукових завдань щодо визначення сутності «smart law», а також з’ясування його місця та ролі в системі нормативно-правових актів, механізмів імплементації положень «smart law» у внутрішнє законодавство, а також механізмів трансформації «smart law» у «hard law» (звичайне право).

Повна відсутність наукових публікацій щодо сутності «smart law», насамперед, пояснюється тим, що сам цей термін має виключно доктринальне визнання, оскільки як у міжнародному, так і в національному праві не здійснюється таке виокремлення, більше того в українській правничій науці ще недостатньо концептуалізовано теорію «soft law», яка вже на сьогодні в розвинених суспільствах також розглядається як минулий етап відповідності «м?якій силі», концепція якої з часом себе не виправдала, так само як і відповідний їй механізм правового регулювання.

Відтак, у даній статті нами уперше в українській юридичній науці здійснено спробу дати власну інтерпретацію поняття «smart law» у його порівнянні з нормами «hard law», шляхом використання арсеналу методів пізнання і відповідно до сучасних концепцій міжнародних відносин.

Актуальність написання даної статті обумовлена теоретичною необхідністю визначення поняття «smart law», а також його місця та ролі у системі правового регулювання нових суспільних відносин у сучасному геоправовому просторі.

Мета статті – сформувати метаконцептуальну модель концепції «smart law».

Методологія дослідження. Методологію статті складатимуть методи теорії міжнародного права, системно-структурний та компаративний методи, системний та синергетичний підходи.

Аналіз останніх публікацій

Розумінню коріння формування нової концепції права сприяє аналіз засадничих положень теорії м?якого права, через що нами спочатку аналізуватиметься дана концепція, а потім буде подано модель вирішення поставленого наукового завдання у даній статті.

Останнє десятиріччя відзначене посиленням інтересу до м’якого права. Це було обумовлено знаковими трансформаційними процесами, прискореним формуванням інформаційного суспільства на заході, а також формуванням нових геополітичних та безпекових альянсів, які з часом не виправдали себе. Тому розуміння наукового пожвавлення стає адекватним за умови контекстуального  сприйняття правової даності й історичного часу, в якому відбувалася рефлексія подій та їхня подальша інтерпретація спочатку у наукових дослідженнях, а потім і в безпосередньо у правовій реальності.

Зокрема, на цю тему була опублікована значна кількість праць західних дослідників права [2 ? 13], російських [14 ? 23], а також вітчизняних науковців [24 ? 31]. Однак, позиції щодо особливостей використання актів «soft law», як дієвого засобу міжнародного регулювання, залишаються неузгодженими. І саме ця обставина врешті-решт згодом зведе нанівець спроможність даної концепції домінувати на геоправовому просторі глобального суспільства.

Класичне визначення «soft law»  дав у 1994 р. Френсіс Снайдер [9], описуючи його у своєму дослідженні, як «правила поведінки, які, в-принципі, не мають юридично зобов’язуючої сили, але, попри це, можуть мати практичні наслідки», тобто головною ознакою актів «soft law» є те, що всі вони не є офіційно зобов’язуючими, хоча й можуть містити нормативні приписи [9].

Натомість науковці, що досліджують окремі аспекти «soft law» розділилися на дві групи: перші переконані, що такі норми мають не юридичний (vis obligandi), а морально-політичний характер, дотримання яких цілком залежить від авторитету міжнародної організації, яка їх ухвалює (наприклад М. Ю. Веліжаніна вважає, що „soft law? – це сукупність юридично необов’язкових міжнародних норм, які створюються державами, міжнародними організаціями та іншими суб’єктами м’якого права, не суперечать основним принципам і нормам міжнародного права та направлені на регулювання міжнародних відносин [15, с. 10 – 11]); інші – відстоюють позицію щодо наділення таких актів певною юридичною силою, незважаючи на їх рекомендаційний характер (наприклад французький вчений П. Вейль, наголошує, що незалежно від того, чи є зміст норми міжнародного договору «soft» чи «hard», вона не перестає бути юридичною нормою, тобто однаково зберігає свою юридичну силу [13, с. 414]).

Солідаризуючись із М. Л. Лютовим, зазначимо, що правова доктрина є досить суперечливою у питаннях ролі та порядку застосування «soft law», яке, не маючи обов’язкової для держав юридичної сили, виступає орієнтиром для проведення внутрішньодержавної політики [21, с. 26].

Виклад основного матеріалу

Через багатоманітність юридичних джерел права свій вплив на формування системи суспільного регулювання здійснюють різні соціальні групи: через звичай – певні територіальні, культурні, професійні або релігійні спільноти, через прецедент – спільнота суддів, через нормативно-правові акти – парламент і виконавчі органи влади, через міжнародно-правовий договір свій вплив на регулювання суспільних відносин в державі здійснюють не лише державні органи, які підготували, підписали і ратифікували його, але й іноземні держави, з якими укладається цей договір, через Конституцію – громадянське суспільство. Саме сукупність джерел права, кожне із яких здійснює неоднаковий вплив на регулювання правових відносин, своєю комбінацією визначають вектор, спрямованість правового регулювання в кожному конкретному випадку, створюють неповторність і своєрідність правових систем, що існують у світі [32].

Переконані, що в сучасних умовах формування нового світоустрою, трансформації соціальних систем, стирання кордонів і формування нових політико-територіальних одиниць громадянського суспільства, до системи юридичних джерел права необхідно включати не лише традиційні (нормативно-правовий акт, нормативно-правовий договір, правовий звичай, правовий прецедент), а й нетрадиційні (принципи права, корпоративні джерела права, «soft law» тощо).

З огляду на це, слід підкреслити, що будь-яка система джерел права незалежно від рівня регулювання має схожу структуру компонентів:

• фундаментальний ? ті джерела права, які є основними для даної системи права, та конституюють, визначають дане правове утворення;
• похідний ? об’єднує ті юридичні джерела права, які розвивають, конкретизують елементи первинного компоненту;
• субсидіарний ? може включати акти, документи, доктрини тощо, які хоча і не є обов’язко­вими, однак значно впливають на інші джерела права, опосередковуючись через правотворчі органи (зокрема «soft law») і формуючи подальший розвиток системи джерел права і тлумачення певних правових норм.

Цікавою є позиція Тополевського Р.А., який в ґенезі системи джерел права (а паралельно з цим і в розвитку генетичних зв’язків) за впливом на регулювання суспільних відносин виділяє наступні стадії: 1) стадія зародження (ембріонального розвитку); 2) стадія становлення; 3) стадія стабілізації; 4) стадія дестабілізації (занепаду); 5) стадія переживання (яка характеризується тим, що хоча правова система припиняє функціонування, все ж система джерел права, точніше її уламки або окремі складові, продовжують своє існування як частина нової, принципово іншої, системи джерел права) [32].

Екстраполюючи дану думку до контексту нашої статті, вважаємо, що «smart law» може водночас становити собою процес, котрий об’єднує перші дві стадії під час регулювання правовідносин. А третю стадію із перерахованих розглядаємо як перетворення «smart law» на «hard law» (яке може або відбуватися, або ні, виходячи з того, яка саме ця норма та у якому правовому середовищі вона існує).

Відтак, вважаємо, що «smart law» являє собою:

1)           один із компонентів (субсидіарний компонент) системи джерел права;

2)           є стадією (стадіями) розвитку системи джерел права.

За своєю сутністю, «smart law» виконує три основні функції [7, с. 120], які полягають у тому, що його норми:

1)           можуть виконувати функцію «промо-права», тобто фіксувати елементи нормотворчого процесу (що складають переконаність у правомірності) чи констатувати досягнення консенсусу щодо майбутнього міжнародного договору, формувати правову культуру і правовий простір для ефективної дії майбутніх правових актів;

2)           можуть виконувати функцію «пост-права», тобто інтерпретувати і доповнювати норми «hard law», оскільки норми «smart law» здатні відігравати важливу роль не тільки в заповненні прогалин регулювання, а й у врегулюванні суперечок між сторонами, які відстоюють різні геополітичні інтереси натомість перебувають в одному геоправовому просторі;

3)           можуть виконувати функцію «пара-права», тобто фіксувати згоду сторін з певного питання без прийняття зобов’язань. У процесі створення норми «smart law» волевиявлення суб’єктів стосується тільки змісту норми, однак не стосується її обов’язковості, що дозволяє уникнути юридичної відповідальності за її невиконання;

4)           виконують функцію «мета-права», тобто регулюють ті суспільні відносини, які виникають як наслідок неповної реалізації норм права hard law, або нереалізації  потрібних положень в контексті імплементації концепції «smart power».

Переконані, що «smart law» досить часто має більший практичний ефект аніж норми «hard law», котрі наділені юридичною силою. Адже саме норми «smart law» почасти можуть лавіювати поміж нормами «hard law», вирішуючи завдання, які неможливо узгодити за допомогою останнього. Крім того норми «smart law» можуть стати і каталізатором подальшого закріплення таких норм у вигляді класичних правових норм, а також впливати на транcформативні зміни структури суспільних відносин.

Визначимо основні структурно-логічні характеристики концептуальної моделі концепції «smart law»:

1)           характеризується власною специфічною лексикою; його норми формулюються в рекомендаційній формі, що підкреслює юридично необов’язковий характер узгоджених положень, натомість політично, інформаційно і безпеково обумовлений характер подальших рішень;

2)           слугує базисом для імплементації в національне право модельних приписів, а також норм і принципів нових міжнародних відносин;

3)           формує юридичні рамки реалізації концепції «smart power» в контексті як майбутніх переговорів між суб’єктами міжнародного права, так і безпосередньої їхньої спільної діяльності у сфері міжнародних відносин та безпеки;

4)           створює очікування, що суб’єкти дотримуватимуться юридично необов’язкових правил, що хоча прямо і не накладають обов’язку щодо певних дій, утім формують світоглядне, моральне, політичне, інформаційне  та безпекове переконання у необхідності вчинення тих чи інших дій у той чи інший спосіб;

5)           у контексті правової глобалізації відіграє важливу роль у процесі формулювання, погодження та набрання чинності норм «hard law»;

6)           якщо «smart law» створюється міжнародною організацією, воно пов’язує складові цієї організації між собою. Щодо інститутів, органів і установ Європейського Союзу це однаково вірно як для двосторонніх актів «smart law» у відносинах з Україною, так і для односторонніх документів ЄС;

7)           фіксує тимчасові і попередні домовленості без прив’язки до обов’язкової сили юридичної сили, водночас прив’язує до обов’язкової політичної та без пекової сили;

8)           виступає засобом інтерпретації положень норм права, чинить вплив на формування правової культури и розширює обрії геоправового простору на нові сфери відносин, що виникають у різноманітних сферах життєдіяльності суспільства;

9)           завжди носить письмовий характер, навіть якщо згодом переконаність у правомірності його норми перетвориться в норми звичаєвого права.

10)      у відносинах між Україною та Європейським Союзом оформлюються у різного роду акти – декларації, меморандуми, спільні заяви, дорожні карти, рамкові документи.

Суб’єктами «smart law» є держави, міжнародні міжурядові організації і міждержавні структури, здатні виступати в міжнародних відносинах від свого імені, але не наділені юридичним статусом міжнародної міжурядової організації (міжнародні міжурядові форуми).

Цікавим є те, що норми «smart law» юридично не імперативні, зовні суто рекомендаційні у прямому значенні цього слова, однак вони не просто «рекомендують», але й визнають правомірність певних дій (чи бездіяльності), які були б неправомірні за відсутності рекомендаційної норми. У цьому сенсі, зазначимо, що теоретики права Ради Європи вважають, що за певних обставин буває корисніше мати в арсеналі acquis гарну рекомендацію, ніж слабку конвенцію [11].

Наостанок  зазначимо, що роль «smart law» у житті світового співтовариства дедалі збільшується. Ця тенденція продовжуватиметься, адже «smart law» володіє декількома корисними властивостями: по-перше, відсутність юридично обов’язкової сили; по-друге, акти «smart law» не вимагають складної процедури прийняття, внесення змін і доповнень, різноманітних погоджувальних процедур; по-третє, такі акти можуть бути більш зручним способом вирішення завдань розвитку для держав із різними інтересами, соціально-культурними традиціями, геополітичними інтересами та рівнем інформатизації та взагалі розвитку інформаційного суспільства [15, с. 6].

Висновки

Таким чином, глобалізаційні процеси в сучасному світі супроводжуються формуванням нових правових реалій, нової правової панорами світу і, врешті-решт, якісно нового геоправового простору. Виникають нові форми міжнародно-правової інтеграції, яка і є нормотворчим процесом, спрямованим на зближення й узгодженість права різних держав. Тому ми переконані, що пропонована нами вперше концепція «smart law» завдяки гнучкості положень, набиратиме все більшу вагу в тих сферах, де застосування права обмежене, а також у тих сферах, де нині між державами не укладається юридично обов’язкових угод через різні, у тому числі політичні та безпекові причини. Зокрема дана концепція може бути імплементована для вирішення так званих «заморожених конфліктів», зокрема в Придністров’ї, Абхазії, Каталонії, Шотландії, Нагорному Карабаху, Курилах, Карелії, Кубані, Донецькій та Луганській областях, АРК України тощо.

Поза це, переконані, що «smart law» є фоновим явищем легітимації більшості правових відносин й постійно існує у правовому просторі у різних проявах та формах, оскільки охоплює площину, значно ширшу за усі нині існуючі класичні законодавчі межі. А це, крім суто теоретичного, має важливе соціальне значення, адже завдяки цьому полегшується реалізація концепції «smart power», а самі міжнародні відносини набувають ознак зменшеної конфліктності і збільшеного балансу інтересів держав та соціальних систем із різними, почасти протилежними  інтересами. За цих умов пропонована нами концепція «smart law» сприяє формуванню додаткових гарантій безпеки, закладає стабільні елементи в алгоритми керованості даними системами, сприяють прогнозованості трансформацій міжнародних відносин і стабільному прогресивному розвитку людства, не зациклюючись на застарілих кліше територіального збільшення і контролю над територіями в ортодоксальному і вульгарному розумінні.

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Монографію присвячено теоретичним та практичним проблемам адміністративної відповідальність за порушення порядку державної закупівлі товарів, робіт і послуг. У ній на основі чинного законодавства, наукових поглядів, практики правозастосування визначаються місце державних закупівель в системі засобів публічного регулювання господарської діяльності, з’ясовано сутність державних закупівель, наводиться їх поняття, визначаються поняття та місце адміністративної відповідальності серед інших видів юридичної відповідальності в сфері державних закупівель, сформульовано поняття «адміністративний проступок у сфері державних закупівель», розкрито його ознаки, досліджено об’єктивні та суб’єктивні ознаки його складу, проаналізовано адміністративні стягнення, що застосовуються за ці порушення, а також порядок провадження у справах про адміністративні проступки в сфері державних закупівель.

Сформульовано пропозиції, спрямовані на удосконалення законодавства, що встановлює адміністративну відповідальність за порушення порядку державної закупівлі товарів, робіт і послуг.

Монографія стане в пригоді аспірантам, науково-практичним працівникам та усім, хто цікавиться питаннями здійснення державних закупівель.

L 613 Lipkan V. A.

Administrative responsibility for violation of state procurement of goods and services: [monograph] /  V. А. Lipkan, M. Y. Dovgan / Edited by Dr. V. A. Lipkan. — К. : О. S. Lipkan, 2013. — 302 p.   ISBN 978-966-2439-46-5

Publisher O. S. Lipkan

Administrative responsibility for violation of state procurement of goods and services

 V. A. Lipkan, M. Y. Dovgan

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Printed in Ukraine
ISBN 978-966-2439-46-5

The monograph is devoted to theoretical and administrative and legal problems of administrative responsibility for violation of state procurement of goods and services in Ukraine. This papper is the first in the national administrative and legal science monographic research on the administrative responsibility for violation of state procurement of goods and services. In it, based on current legislation, scientific views, practice of law determined by place of public procurement in the system of public regulation of economic activity, The essence of public procurement, given their concept, defined the concept of place and administrative responsibility among other legal responsibility on public procurement, the concept of “administrative misconduct in public procurement” and presents the features investigated objective and subjective features of its composition, analysis of administrative penalties that apply for these violations and order proceedings on administrative offenses in public procurement.
Suggestions to strengthen the legislation that establishes administrative liability for violation of state procurement of goods and services.

Monograph will benefit graduate students, researchers and practitioners, and all those interested in gaining information society.

CONCLUSIONS

In the monograph provided a new solution of scientific task, which is to clarify the issues of administrative responsibility for violation of state procurement of goods, works and services in order to increase its effectiveness.

According to results of the research, we consider it’s necessary to formulate the most important practically meaningful and scientifically valid conclusions.

The national economy is undergoing profound social and economic changes, the essence of which is to recognize Ukraine as the country with market economy, its entry into the World Trade Organization, conducting financial, tax, social and other reforms. All these processes are taking place involving the public administration, that uses a variety of administrative and economic means and mechanisms of regulation of economic activity (legitimation activities, certification and standardization, the use of standards and limits, providing investment incentives, benefits, compensation, targeted innovations & subsidies, etc.), state orders is occupied special place among which.

The state order ― is the means of state regulation of the economy, public administration activities to ensure Priority Public Needs by attracting on paid basis of his performers, entities of different ownership forms, consisting of a combination of sequential procedures for planning, forming, placing such order, making the state contract with the winner and control of its implementation.

The state order constitutes grounds for the state contract. Ratio between these phenomena following.

Firstly, state contract is a legal means of administrative and legal realization of the state order, carried out by applying the procedural and substantive regulations of administrative and other branches of law, that define and establish the rights, obligations and responsibility of subjects of the State order, their legal status during the formation and implementation of the state order.

Secondly, the state order may be in several forms: as a means of state regulation of the economy and as a legal act, which contains a list of products, required to satisfy the state needs.

Thirdly, the adequation of state order & state contracts is theoretically and practically incorrect. State contract is an individual legal act, which shall take effect upon its signing by the customer and performer, and is a form of exercise of the rights and obligations only to those parties. Regime of the state order for the same entities much earlier arises, from the official state formulation of needs, its legal value occurs after publication of the legal act. The purpose of the supplier – making a profit, of state customer – reaching the public interests, formulated during the formalization of the order.

Fourthly, process of implementation the state order consists of the following stages: 1) formation of the state order, and 2) its placement by the conclusion of state contracts, accordance with the established procedure, and 3) implementation of state contracts for the purchase and supply of goods for state needs. Each stage ends with legally significant results: the first ― by formalization of state order, the second ― by signing of the state contract, the third, for state customer ― by juridical fixation of receiving products; for performer ― by formalization the act of putting-acceptance of the works.

Fifthly, the state order has a dual legal nature. On the one hand, it is the economic method of regulation of economic activity, and the second ― the administrative, the powerful influence that is forcing to the conclusion of state contracts to satisfy the state needs in certain areas (defense orders, the State Material Reserve).

Given the latest peculiarity, to call contradictory by nature ways of impacting on economic relations (voluntary and forced) by common name «state order» it is legally incorrect.

It is therefore proposed to reform the system of state order and to distinguish two kinds of state influence on economic activity:

a)             the state order, that includes goods, works and services, procurement of which is conducted according with the Law of Ukraine «On State Procurement» and also with other normative legal acts, ie, when the order for delivery of goods, works and services, their procurement are possible under market conditions;

b)            the state task, that requires mandatory implementation and is realized under special conditions of anticompetitive market environment, due to the recognition of entities only producer in Ukraine and in other cases established by law.

State Procurements ― a way of the state order, that consists in acquisition of goods, works and services by public administration for state funds on a competitive basis (and in some cases ― in the absence thereof), in accordance with the statutory procedures to meet the public interest.

The role of administrative responsibility, which performs important tasks to ensure law and order in the area of State procurement, is increasing with the decriminalization of certain offenses in the economic sphere, the possibility of punishment, not connected with imprisonment.

Administrative responsibility for breach of order of state procurement of goods, works and services is mandatory, in compliance with the established procedure application of justice (judge) to the officials, which provide state procurement, stipulated by the legislation for committing administrative offenses in the field of administrative sanctions, which are made by such persons.

Administrative offense in state procurement is considered the wrongful, guilty (intentional or careless) act or omission of the person who harms economic relations, which are protected by the legislation on administrative responsibility.

Public relations, related to the proper formation, mobilization and allocation of financial resources are the generic object of administrative offenses in state procurement. Public relations, associated with trafficking state finances, are the species object.

Contents of direct objects of administrative offenses in state procurement are determined by specific illegal actions under Art. Administrative Code 164-14, which is somehow connected to the relations, that arises in the field of state procurement.

From the objective side of administrative offenses in the field of state procurement are characterized by complicated action (as in the form of action as well as inaction) with formal composition. Complicated action can be manifested in the form of commission of alternative actions and to be continued (including non-training or advanced training). Qualifying signs such offenses may be time they occurred (in particular, failure to submit a report on the results of the procurement procedure) and methods.

Regarding the latest feature, it is necessary to recognize inappropriate using in the disposition of art. 164 of Administrative Code word «including», because it is inconcrete and enables to attribute to violations of procurement procedures of any breach, regardless of the extent of its harmful, with application the same sanctions. This situation should be rectified by, firstly, replacing the word «including» to «namely» and to give a specific list of violations, that correspond to the amount of the sanction for their commission, and secondly, the breakdown of violations at the relevant art. 164-14 of Administrative Code, with the differentiation of violations and sentences for their commission in order to ensure the principle of conformity of guilt and punishment in the administrative responsibility.

The provisions of  Part 1 Article 164 of Administrative Code concerning the failure to provide information, documents and materials in the cases provided by law, are inconcrete, that can lead to incorrect qualification of the offense, because such violations are fixed, particularly in art. 164-4, 212-3 of Administrative Code.

At the same time, the sanctions for their commission are different in several dozen times. However, the law requires the customer to provide clarification about the tender documentation and the Administrative Code does not provide responsibility for committing these acts. Given the above, we offer, firstly, to cancel the responsibility for failure to provide information, documents and materials under Art. 164-14 of Administrative Code, because, for majority of such violations it is already installed. Secondly, it is necessary to supplement the article with following phrase: «the failure to provide clarification of the tender documents in cases stipulated by law».

Furthermore, the Code should be supplemented by Art. 188-39 as follows: «Failure to comply with the legal requirements of the competent authority for providing information in the field of state procurement

Failure to comply with the legal requirements of the competent authority in providing information in the field of state procurement and duly certified copies of documents or giving knowingly false information, as well as noncompliance with deadlines, established by the legislation concerning provide information, copies of documents –

entails the fine from fifty to one hundred untaxed minimum incomes.

The same actions, if repeated within one year after the imposition of administrative penalties –

entails the fine from one hundred to two hundred untaxed minimum incomes».

Despite the fact, that the Law of Ukraine «On State Procurement» defines the entities of responsibility for violations of the Act and normative & legal acts, developed in accordance with it, only officers: members of Committee on competitive bidding of the customer, members of appeal against agency (the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine), officials of authorities (Ministry of Economic Development of Ukraine), as well as officials of the State Treasury Service of Ukraine, the effect of Art. 164-14 of Administrative Code applies only to the members of Committee on competitive bidding of the customer.

Thus it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the offenses committed by Committee on competitive bidding as a collegiate body, and those that committed only some of its members. In determining the specific subject of the offense should be proceed with range of official duties of these persons, but also take into account the position that the members of Committee on competitive bidding shall be personally liable for their decisions.

The subjective side of administrative offenses that infringe on the established order of state procurement, characterized by guilt in the form of intent or negligence. The relevant conclusion follows from the absence in art. 164-14 Administrative Code, directions for a particular form of guilt. Offences in state procurement should be distinguished from the similar corruptive offenses. General requirement for the latest is the presence of special purpose (obtaining undue advantage or making a promise / offer of such benefits for themselves or others). This goal will be a defining feature that will separate offenses in state procurement from administrative corruptive offenses.

For violation of legislation on the procurement of goods, works and services for state funds to a person who committed an administrative offense, may be applied only a fine from the list of all available administrative penalties. In general, application of a fine is appropriate and reasonable response measures of the State for violation of the order state purchases, but to enhance effectiveness against specified types of offenses should be applied it differentially depending on the type of administrative offense and / or damage that it is given for state and local governments.

Another major drawback of Administrative Code and sanctions of art. 164-14 of it is the fact that it does not provide as additional sanctions deprivation of the right of public servants to occupy positions or engage in certain activities that will be of great importance for the prevention of crime in state procurement in our opinion.

It is necessary to shorten the deadline of imposition of administrative penalty for offenses under Art. 164-14 of Administrative Code, up to three months from the date of detection, but not later than one year from the date of its execution. Compensation for reduction of proposed deadline would be done through the implementation of authorized entities timely control over the customers of state procurement procedures.

Requires more detailed regulation and improving the quality of drafting, administrative and procedural documents on the proceedings in cases on administrative offenses in the field of public procurement. To identify a number of problems that causing the closure of proceedings helped our analysis of practice in cases on administrative offenses in this area. Of such main problems is correctness and completeness of the protocol on administrative offense under Art. 164-14 of Administrative Code. Among the main disadvantages at this procedural document are lack of guidance on the place, time of committing the offense and the essence of administrative offence, the normative act has been breached, duly certified copies of written documents on which the protocol is based, and the others.

To improve the legislation and other normative and legal acts in the field of public procurement, elimination of lacks and contradictions it is necessary to make the following amendments and additions:

― Art. 164-14 of Administrative Code «Violation of legislation on procurement of goods, works and services for state funds» shall read as follows:

«Implementation of the procurement of goods, works and services for state funds without using the procedures established by law –

entails the imposition of fine on officials from five hundred to a thousand untaxed minimum incomes.

The same actions, committed repeatedly within one year after the imposition of administrative punishment –

entails the imposition of fine on officials from a thousand to one thousand five hundred untaxed minimum incomes.

Application of procurement procedures with violation of the legislation on procurement of goods, works and services for public funds, namely: clearance of tender documents (qualification documents) with violation of the legislation on procurement of goods, works and services for state funds, evaluation of tender offers (qualification proposals) is not on the criteria and methods of evaluation to determine the best tender (qualifying offer) contained in the tender documents (qualification documentation), as well as signing with the member that won the bidding, the contract on procurement of goods, works and services for state funds on prices and terms that do not match with the requirements of competitive bidding documents (qualification documentation), displaying false information in the report on the results of these procedures, –

entails the imposition of fine on officials from three hundred to five hundred untaxed minimum incomes.

No promulgation or violation of the procedure promulgation of information regarding the procurement of goods, works and services for public funds in accordance with legislative requirements, failure to report in due course about the results of procurement of goods, works and services, as well as failure to provide clarifications on the tender documentation in cases stipulated by law –

entails the imposition of fine from one hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty untaxed minimum incomes.

Failing of study or advanced training on the organization and implementation of procurement procedures in accordance with law –

entails the imposition of fine from seventy to one hundred and fifty untaxed minimum incomes.

― art. 43 of the Law of Ukraine «On State Procurement» to supplement with parts 2 and 3 as follows: «Misuse of state funds, received by the winner of the procurement procedure for the procurement contract entails imposition of a fine in the amount of these funds.

Inappropriate execution of the procurement contract by the winner procurement procedure of purchased customer goods, works and services for state funds, entails a fine from fifty to one hundred percent of the value of these goods and services»;

― item 3 article 12 of the Law of Ukraine «On the State Defense Order» be amended as follows: «In case of evasion of performer, determined in the order, provided by Article 7 of this Law, from signing the state contract such executor shall be responsible to a fine from fifty to one hundred percent of the value goods, specified in plan of the state defense order»;

― The order of Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine from July 26, 2010 № 916 «On approval of the Committee on Competitive Bidding» paragraph 7, item 2 of Section III, regarding duties of members Committee on competitive bidding «get training and / or advanced training of specialists in the field of public procurement in the order, established by the Ministry of economy of Ukraine» to exclude and to supplement by it paragraphs 3 and 4 of the same section, which are determined the Acting Chairman and the Secretary.

BRIEF CONTENTS

PART 1. PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AS OBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE law protection ………………………………………………………………..

Chapter 1. Public procurement in the system of public regulation of economic activity..

Chapter 2. The concept and content of public procurement in Ukraine.

Chapter 3. Concepts and place of the administrative responsibility among other types of legal responsibility in public procurement.

PART 2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF VIOLATIONS the government procurement of goods, works and services.

Chapter 1. Administrative misconduct as the basis of administrative responsibility in public procurement.

Chapter 2. Objective features of corpus delicts that infringe on the established order public procurement

Chapter 3. Subjective features corpus delicts that infringe on the established order of public procurement.

PART 3. Implementation of the provisions of administrative responsibility for violation of public procurement of goods, works and services

Chapter 1. Types of administrative penalties applicable to breaches of procedure for the procurement of  goods, works and services for state funds.

Chapter 2. Proceedings in cases of administrative offenses related to infringements of the government procurement of goods and services

APPLICATIONS

coNclusion

tezaurus

used litErature

useful bibliography..

 gratitude.

CONTENTS

BRIEF CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

Preface.

gratitude.

PART 1. PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AS OBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE law protection ………………………………………………………………..

Chapter 1. Public procurement in the system of public regulation of economic activity.

Place of Public Administration in regulating economic activity

Basic Principles of public administration domestic policy in the economic sphere

Features of the public procurement system and mechanisms of public regulation of economic activity
The functions of the public administration  in the economic sphere

Chapter 2. The concept and content of public procurement in Ukraine.

Concept and characteristics of public procurement

State contract as a form of public procurement

Directions reforming government contracts

Public procurement as a way to implement procurement

Foreign experience of legal regulation of public procurement (for example, Georgia)

Chapter 3. Concepts and place of the administrative responsibility among other types of legal responsibility in public procurement.

Place of administrative responsibility, among other types of legal responsibility in public procurement
The concept of administrative responsibility

PART 2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF VIOLATIONS the government procurement of goods, works and services.

Chapter 1. Administrative misconduct as the basis of administrative responsibility in public procurement.

Concept and features of administrative misconduct

Signs of administrative offense in the sphere of public procurement

Concept and types of administrative misconduct in public procurement

Chapter 2. Objective features of corpus delicts that infringe on the established order public procurement

The object of  administrative misconduct in public procurement

The objective side of administrative misconduct in public procurement

Chapter 3. Subjective features corpus delicts that infringe on the established order of public procurement.

The subject of administrative misconduct in public procurement

The subjective side of administrative misconduct in public procurement

PART 3. Implementation of the provisions of administrative responsibility for violation of public procurement of goods, works and services

Chapter 1. Types of administrative penalties applicable to breaches of procedure for the procurement of  goods, works and services for state funds.

Concept, characteristics and types of administrative penalties

Analysis of the administrative sanctions provided for violations of public procurement in foreign countries

Chapter 2. Proceedings in cases of administrative offenses related to infringements of the government procurement of goods and services

The concept and stage proceedings on administrative offenses
Violation of the administrative case
The cases of administrative violations in the field of public procurement
View the decision in the administrative case
Implementation adopted Resolution

APPLICATIONS

coNclusion

tezaurus

used litErature

useful bibliography..

PUBLIC ORDER, PUBLIC PROCUREMENT

ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY..

 gratitude

The monograph is devoted to theoretical and administrative and legal problems of protection of information with limited access in Ukraine. The paper defines the concepts of information with limited access, administrative and legal regime of such information, confidential information, secret information.
The main features of information with limited access in the administrative and legal context, highlighted the main types of such information, described the administrative and legal regime of information with limited access in Ukraine, and also outlines specific administrative and legal regimes of protection of state secrets and personal data (information about a person ) as the most important types of information with limited access.
To further improve the administrative and legal regulation and practice of national legislation on protection of information with limited access has been requested a number of measures.
Monograph will benefit graduate students, researchers and practitioners, and all those interested in gaining information society.

CONCLUSIONS

The current state of administrative and legal regulation of social relations in the field of information with limited access in Ukraine needs improvement and harmonization with international standards. It is primarily about improving the administrative and legal status of entities ensuring the protection of information with limited access and making relevant changes and amendments to the current Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offences. However, a holistic, systematic consideration of the problem of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access does not exist in Ukraine, despite the presence of sufficient attention to certain types of information with limited access in the administrative and legal researches.

By the results of the research we consider necessary to formulate the most important, practically meaningful and scientifically valid conclusions.

1. The historiography of research information with limited access in national administrative doctrine has been outlined. information with limited access is quite new and barely developed legal phenomenon in the national administrative doctrine. Have been identified three main stages of development scientific thought, which is devoted to information with limited access in national administrative doctrine. The first phase (1991 – 2005 years) is characterized by superficial consideration information with limited access in the context of the study of various aspects of information security and information law, the protection and preservation of where information with limited access is defined as the important area of information security or institute of information law and topical direction of research activities also. The second phase (2006 – 2007 years) characterized by the appearance of monographic researches, subject of which is directly information with limited access, features access to the above information and allocation of the main kinds of secrets. The third phase (2008 – till present) is characterized by intense conducting scientific researches and publication of papers with different specializations, squarely focused on the specific kinds of secrets (banking, commercial, personal secret, etc.).
2. A new solution of concept of «information with limited access » and allocated its constitutive features of the administrative and legal context has been provides. Information with limited access is defined as information and/or data, that may be stored on material carriers or displayed electronically, access to which is limited by the laws of Ukraine by its owner or bona fide user (the entity of authority, person etc.) due to its special value for them on a legal basis. Among the constitutive features information with limited access in the administrative and legal context are the following: 1) the information with limited access – is primarily information, data that can be stored on physical media or displayed electronically, and 2) information, which can be applied to a limited access mode is such that complies with the legislation of Ukraine, 3) a certain number of Members gained access to it solely on legal grounds (bona fide users) 4) information with limited access is of particular value for the above categories of subjects (moral, financial, personal, etc.) because of uncertainty of other entities, 5) bona fide owners and users of information with limited access realize adequate legal measures to prevent access by unauthorized entities, 6) for violation of the above measures established legal responsibility.
3. The concept of «administrative and legal regime of information with limited access» and singled out its main features has been determined. Administrative and legal regime of information with limited access – is regulated by the national legislation operational procedure of the authorized entities by imperative method of legal enforcement and system of special facilities for the protection and conservation of public relations in the information with limited access field. Features of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access: it is the order of the authorized state bodies and other competent state institutions, local governments, and individuals regarding to information with limited access, this activity is regulated in the national legislation by determining the operational rules under which indicated rights and duties of man and citizen, authority of suitable institutions, administrative liability for violations, etc. in the field of information with limited access, the presence of imperative method of legal impact between the participants of relations in the field of information with limited access, is carried out by an appropriate system of various special facilities, the purpose of this activity is to provide protection and conservation of public relations in the area of information with limited access, i.e. the respective rights and freedoms of man and citizen interests of the state and society.
4. Information with limited access on the kinds has been classified. The criteria, by which to unambiguously classify certain information (data) as information with limited access or identify its main kinds in the legislation does not identified. The Law of Ukraine «An Access to Public Information» contains only the norm, according to which the information with limited access is: 1) confidential information, 2) secret information, and 3) service information. In some articles of the above Law is given legal definition of confidential and secret information, and detailed understanding of service information. Have been classified information to such, that is generally forbidden for distribution in particular country and such, spread of which is limited due to certain circumstances, such as damage to certain categories of people. In turn, confidential information, in our opinion, should be recognized any information with limited access, that has no features of state secrets and the secret information – is any information with limited access, which has features of state secrets.
5. Have been characterized the elements of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access, including the purpose of establishing the legal regime, legal principles, the object of administrative regulation, the method of regulation, «regime rules», special public bodies, responsibility for the violations of the «regime norms», definition of the spatial and temporal boundaries of this administrative and legal regime.
6. Has been determined the deficiencies and provided the suggestions for improving the administrative and legal regime of state secrets. The main factors that negatively affect the condition of administrative and legal regime of state secrets are: socio-economic, human, organizational, etc., namely employee turnover at regime-secret bodies, lack of necessary special knowledge in IT and in the legal field, and also lack of awareness with the specifics activities of law enforcement bodies and content of tasks, are aimed at addressing the activities of such bodies, lack of knowledge about the current legislation on state secrets by some persons, who have admission and access to state secrets; improper equipment of premises regime-secret bodies and significant obsolescence of forms and methods of protection of state secrets etc. In order to improve administrative and legal regime of state secrets we propose to provide the audit of knowledge of the legislation on state secrets and rules of the secret case management, by persons, who not only have also admission & access to state secrets. The mechanism verification knowledges of legislative norms on state secret is proposed to predict at the level of some instruction or Rules, which has to develop Security Service of Ukraine as the main body, which protects state secrets. Among the ways of improving the administrative and delictual legislation in this field, we have supported the opinion of some authors about the need to supplement the current Administrative Code (or fix it in the new Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses) by norm, that would provide the administrative responsibility of legal persons for the violation of legislation on state secrets and also increasing amounts of penalties as a warning of administrative offenses, liability for which is set in Art. 212-2 of Administrative Code. Also we propose to extend the range of administrative penalties. For example, along with a fine collection to foresee such as: community service, correctional work, administrative arrest. According to the authors, there is need to strengthen penalties for offense under Art. 212-2 of Administrative Code, in wartime.  It is necessary to improve the administrative and delictual legislation in this field in: amendments to Art. 212-2, in particular, to unite claim 1 (according to which liability for failure to comply with established by law order of convey of state secrets to another state or international organization is provided), with claim 8 (which provides the responsibility for noncompliance with legal requirements on ensuring the protection of national secrets, during the international cooperation, receiving foreign delegations, groups and individual foreigners or stateless person and carrying out the work with them). According to the authors, claim 8 covers claim 1. For example, violation of the order state secrets convey to another state or international organization just also is one of the violations of legislation concerning ensuring the protection of national secrets, during the international cooperation, receiving foreign delegations, groups and individual foreigners or stateless person and carrying out the work with them. Additionally, this article contains a number of evaluating notions that require legislative determination, among which «real danger», «destroying the integrity», «unreasonable information security classification» and so on. Therefore, we proposed to clearly define reasons for information security classification at the legislative level.
7. The state and development prospects of administrative and legal regime of personal data have described. To the main shortcomings of the administrative and legal regime of personal data we include: collision of legal acts norms that regulate public relations at personal data protection and the presence of numerous gaps, ambiguity, inconsistency and fixed definitions contradiction, either lack even a basic of them sometimes; the presence of considerable massifs of declarative provisions without the mechanism of law realization; the presence of numerous blanket law norms, that complicates its legal implementation, the presence of abstract, subjective concepts, which need an official interpretation or clear definition etc. To improve administrative and legal regime of personal data we offer the following ways: to define the concept of «public necessity» as a prerequisite for dissemination of personal data without the consent of the subject of personal data; to settle the legal regime of personal data contained in the databases after the death of the person and a violation of person rights to confidentiality of personal data and the prohibition of processing of data without its consent, except in cases determined by law and only in the interests of national security, economic prosperity and human rights; to expand the number of people who are not covered by the Law of Ukraine «On Personal Data Protection», namely: online media journalists (if the media has no status news agency or journalist is not in professional association of journalists); legally to define verification occasions by competent authorities of personal data protection, in particular if person sends a complaint about the illegal use its personal data, as well as intervention boundaries, procedure of conducting inspections and making the relevant acts for violations the legislation on protection of personal data, etc. by the State Service of Ukraine on protection of personal data.
8. Administrative and legal regime for service information has been characterized. Institute of professional secrecy is directly connected with the institution of state secrets. In Art. 10 Law of Ukraine «On State Secrets» the ability of public authorities on the basis and within the law and in order to specify and systematize data information classified as state secrets to create detailed lists of information that constitute a state secret has provided. Publication of detailed lists is not provided. However, the right of interested persons to appeal to President of Ukraine or the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, inclusion in detailed lists information that cannot be recognized as state secret in content, has been established. Retrospective analysis of the relationship between the concepts of «state secrecy» and «official secret» made possible to conclude that for a long time in legislation has been used another concept – «state secrets», which are understood all information that has to be protected by the state and its divulge could harm the public interest. State secrets covering state, military and service (industrial) secrets. Lack of legal definition of these terms was compensated by the fact that their legal regime was enshrined in the various instructions, regulations, lists of information, which identifies that: State secrets are information divulgation of which (transfer, leakage, etc.) may adversely affect the quality status of military and economic potential of the country or cause other serious consequences for national defense, national security, economic and political interests of the USSR; official secrets are information that is protected by the state in any field of science, engineering, production and administration, disclosure of which (transfer, leakage, etc.) may harm the interests of the state. The information was a state secret depending on the degree of secrecy: «special importance» and «top secret» and information that constituted official secrets, classified «secret». It should be noted that along with the above information, there is also information that was forbidden to publish in the media and was «for official use only». The latter was called unclassified information with limited dissemination. In this regard, some scholars believed that the official secret includes information that classified as «secret» and «OU». The difference between them lay in their importance for the public interest, the form and degree of responsibility for their disclosure and related harm from publicizing of such information. Only part of information which was professional secrecy, the disclosure of which could harm the public interests to state secrets belonged. The following information may belong to service information according to the Law of Ukraine «On Access to Public Information»: 1) the information, contained in the documents of government entities, that make up the interdepartmental correspondence, memorandums, recommendations, if they are related to the entity activities or realization of control & supervisory functions bodies of state power, decision-making and are preceded public discussion and/or decision-making; 2) the information, gathered during operational and investigative, counterintelligence activities in the field of defense of the country, which is not classified as state secrets. This information is information with limited access, so access to it is limited, subject to the following set of requirements: 1) only in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public order, the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health, protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of received confidentially information or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary; 2) disclosure of the information would cause substantial harm to those interests, and 3) the harm from disclosure of the information outweighs the public interest in getting it. The state authorities, local authorities, other government entities are obliged to create lists of data that is service information. The following basic principles of creating these lists have distinguished: 1) the decision to grant (withdrawal) for official use only information are accepted by direct implementers of documents according to the list and according to the conclusions of expert commissions, and 2) a document that contains information that is service information, is assigned a security classification «for official use only» (further – OU); 3) «OU» information is the property of the state and contains limited distribution information; 4) for correct «OU» assignment to wares and information, have responsibility the officials who have provided classification, signed or approved these documents; 5) In case of cancellation of security classification of information, about removal restricting access, all of the organizations to whom it was sent, should be reported; 6) copying of «OU» documents by outside organizations should be done by agreement with the organization – the author of these documents; 7) use of information, telecommunication and information-telecommunication systems for printing of «OU» documents, carried out only after creation therein a comprehensive system of information protection and obtain the appropriate certificate; 8) transfer of «OU» information from one system to another is carried out by secure communication channel or in encrypted form. Using the Internet or unprotected channels for the transfer «OU» information is prohibited; 9) guilty persons will be brought to administrative liability in accordance with current legislation for disclosure of «OU» information. List of approximate criteria for classification service information has been identified: 1) should be established by the state budget or be in the possession, use or disposal of the organization; 2) be used in order to ensure the state national interests, 3) do not belong to a state secret, and 4) as a result of disclosure of such information is possible: 4.1 The violation of constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen; 4.2 occurrence of negative consequences in domestic political, foreign, economic, military, social, humanitarian, scientific, technological, environmental, and information spheres, also in the areas of national security and the state border security; 4.3 creation of obstacles in the activities of public authorities.

BRIEF CONTENTS

PART 1 THE LEVEL OF SCIENCE RESEARCH AND ITS CORE METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………..

Chapter 1 Bibliography of research..

Chapter 2  Methodological basis of research..

Chapter 3 Key definitions of research..

PART 2 Classification of information with limited access.

Chapter 1 Classification of information with limited access in Ukrainian legislation

Chapter 2 Classification of information with limited access in doctrinal sources.

PART 3 THE DEFINITION AND STRUCTURE OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGIME OF information with limited accessin UKRAINE

Chapter 1 The essence of administrative and legal regime of  information with limited access in Ukraine.

Chapter 2 Characteristics of the elements of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access in Ukraine

Chapter 3 Improvement of administrative and legal regime of  information with limited access in Ukraine.

PART 4 FEATURESOF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGIMES of CERTAIN TYPES OF information with limited access

Chapter 1 Administrative and legal regime of state secrets.

Chapter 2 Administrative and legal regime of personal data (information about a person )

Chapter 3 administrative and legal regime of  service information..

coNclusion

tezaurus

used litErature

useful bibliography..

gratitude.

 CONTENTS

BRIEF CONTENTS.

CONTENTS.

PREFACE.

THE LIST OF Abbreviations

INTRODUCTION..

part 1 THE LEVEL OF SCIENCE RESEARCH AND ITS CORE METHODOLOGY..

Chapter 1 Bibliography of research..

Researches on information security

Researches on information law 

Researches, directly devoted to various aspects of information with limited access (specialized scientific papers)

Chapter 2  Methodological basis of research..

Chapter 3 Key definitions of research..

Classification of information with limited access in doctrinal sources.

Classification of information with limited accessin regulatory legal acts

PART 2 Classification of information WITH LIMITED ACCESS.

Chapter 1 Classification of information with limited access in Ukrainian legislation

Chapter 2 Classification of information with limited access in doctrinal sources.

PART 3 THE DEFINITION AND STRUCTURE OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGIME OF information with limited accessin UKRAINE

Chapter 1 The essence of administrative and legal regime of  information with limited access in Ukraine.

The concept of “regime”

The concept of ” legal regime”

The stages of teachings about administrative and legal regime forming

The concept of “administrative and legal regime”

Features of administrative and legal regime

The concept of “administrative and legal regime of information with limited access “

Features of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access

Classification of administrative and legal regimes

Classification of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access

Chapter 2 Characteristics of the elements of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access in Ukraine

Approaches to the structure of the administrative regime understanding

Purpose of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access

Legal principles of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access

The object of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access

The method of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access

“Regime rules” of administrative and legal regime of information with limited access

Special public authorities as an element of administrative and legal regime of informationwith limited access

Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine as entity of protection of informationwith limited access

President of Ukraine as entity of protection of informationwith limited access

National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine (NSDC of Ukraine) and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as entities of protection of informationwith limited access

The executive bodies as entities of protection of informationwith limited access

Responsibility for violation of regime norms

Spatially-temporal boundaries into force of administrative and legal regime of informationwith limited access

Chapter 3 Improvement of administrative and legal regime of  information with limited access in Ukraine.

The stages of systematization of information legislation

Directions of incorporation

Directions of consolidation

Directions of codification

Approaches to Information Code forming

M. Shwetzʼs Project

V.Tsymbalyukʼs Project

Project of the State Committee on Television and Radio Broadcasting

V.Lipkanʼs and V.Zaluzniakʼs  Project

PART 4 FEATURES OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGIMES of CERTAIN TYPES OFinformation with limited access

Chapter 1 Administrative and legal regime of state secrets.

Normative and legal regulation of social relations in the state secrets field

The concept of “state secrets”

The system of of state authorities, that are designed to protect state secrets

Stages of classification information as state secrets

The list of data, that constitutes state secrets

The term within the decision on referring of information to state secret is valid

The list of information, that can not be classified as state secrets

Responsibility for violation of legislation on state secrets

The main causes of committing administrative violations of legislation on state secrets

Prospects for the development of administrative and delictual legislation in the state secrets protection

Chapter 2 Administrative and legal regime of personal data (information about a person )

The history of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Personal Data Protection”

Basic Principles of the Law of Ukraine “On Personal Data Protection”

The definition of “personal data”

The information belonging to personal data

Entities of personal data protection

The procedure for processing subject’s consent to use his personal data

Legal liability for violations of legislation in the sphere of personal dataprotection

Chapter 3 Administrative and legal regime of  service information..

History of the Institute of service information foundation

The current state of normative and legal regulation of public relations in the service information field

The list of information, which is service information

The concept of “service information” in doctrinal sources

The concept of “service information” in regulatory legal acts

Features of service information

Correlation of concepts “service secret” and “state secrets”

Correlation of concepts “service secret” and “professional  secret”

Protection of documents “For Official Use Only” have marked

coNclusionS

tezaurus

used litErature

useful bibliography..

Lipkans` science school researches

Information with limited access

Administrative and legal regimes.

Criminal lwa and criminalistics researshes to information sprhere

Information treaties

Information Law and Information Security

gratitude